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| 5040891136 | Mythic story of Roman origin | Aeneas - refugee from troy, descendants Romulus and Remus, nursed to health by she wolf, Romulus founds rome in 753 BC | 0 | |
| 5040891137 | Actual story of roman origins (When? Professions? Metallurgy?) | 2000 BC - indo european migrants settle in Italy, adopted ag, create tribes. Mostly Sheepherders and farmers, Bronze 1800, iron 900 | 1 | |
| 5040891138 | The Etruscans (Dominatedwhencaused? From? Produced? Defeat?) | Dominated italy between eighth and fifth centuries, caused development Migrated from anatolia High quality bronze and iron, Gold and silver jewelry Defeated by greece at sea and attack by Gaul Celts in sixth, fifth century | 2 | |
| 5040891139 | Kingdom Of Rome (Form? Influenced? Kingsethnicity? Advantages? Position?) | Monarchy - deeply influenced by Etruscans Many Etruscan kings Lots of trade, good position on Mediterranean, but didn't risk ocean invasion. Trade routes converged there Strong position when Etruscans decline | 3 | |
| 5040891140 | Establishment of Roman republic (Whenwhat? Built? Constitution? Senate? Excluded?) | 509 BCE - last Etruscan king deposed. Monarchy becomes republic Built roman forum, public center where citizens governed. Constitution - 2 consuls hold executive power. Elected by assembly made of patricians. 1 year terms Senate- advised consuls, ratified important decisions Only patricians represented | 4 | |
| 5040891141 | Conflicts between Patricians and Plebians (Whenthreat? Grantpowers? Also? Eventually) | 5th century BCE - Plebians threaten to secede. Patricians grant right to elect tribunes. 2 rose to 10. Could intervene and veto unfair measures. Also made twelve tables - social organization based on greek laws Plebians eventually can hold office, get one consul, eventually dominate assembly | 5 | |
| 5040891142 | Dictator | Official appointed by senate, had absolute power for six months in the case of crises | 6 | |
| 5040891143 | Threats to roman republic | fifth century - gauls, etruscans | 7 | |
| 5040891144 | Beginning of large empire | First consolidated central Italy, expanded land and got Iron Next got Italian penninsula, established military colonies in conquered regions, gracious to conquered peoples Exempted conquerees from taxes, granted autonomy. Could be citizens and marry romans. Had to provide military, couldn't make alliances | 8 | |
| 5040891145 | Roman Obstacles in Mediterranean | Principal enemy in 4th and 3rd was carthage Originally Phoenician, good location for trade Dominant in North Africa because of commerce Also faced challenges from Hellenistic empires | 9 | |
| 5040891146 | Punic Wars | 264-146 Three conflicts with Carthage Economic competition of Sicily (grain), struggle for supremacy in the region Romans lay siege to Carthage, burn city, enslave survivors Get north africa and Iberia (finance continued imperial expansion) | 10 | |
| 5040891147 | Other conflicts during Punic war time | Pirates and ambitious rulers ignore hellenistic empires Romans protect Romans, causing them to conflict with the Antigonids and Seluecids 5 wars - Macedon and anatolia Didn't annex at first - entrusted to allies | 11 | |
| 5040891148 | Imperial expansion domestic probs | Land distro - Wealthy elite organize Latifundia Economies of scale, small holdings have to sell out to larger neighbors | 12 | |
| 5040891149 | The Gracchi Bros | 2nd and first centuries - civil war Gracchi Bros chief reformers, worked to limit the amount of land any one person could hold Assassinated and executed - not very succesful Show that constitution might not be suitable, power was concentrated in hands of few | 13 | |
| 5040891150 | Aftermath of Gracchi | Roman politicians and generals look for support Began to recruit small armies of landless workers - intensely loyal, Gaius Marius - sided with social reform Lucius Cornelius Sulla - allied with conservatives and aristocrats | 14 | |
| 5040891151 | Roman civil war | 87 Marius marches on Rome 83 Sulla takes rome after death of Marius Posts death lists, murders 10,000 individuals, imposes conservative agenda that strengthens rich Dies 78 BC | 15 | |
| 5040891152 | Post Sulla | Latifundia continue pressure, small farmers go to city, poverty causes social eruptions, poor join personal armies (Julius Caesar) | 16 | |
| 5040891153 | Julius Cesar | Favored liberalism and social reform Escaped SUlla because he was young and because he fled to east. Spent money sponsoring spectacles to get elected, conquered Gaul | 17 | |
| 5040891154 | Formation of Roman Empire | Conquest of Gaul causes Caesar to be popular, conservatives want him out. 49 BCE - turns army towards rome, 46. Dictator Centralized military and politics, confiscated property and gave to Veterans Large scale building policies, extended citizenship, appointed Gauls Elites see him as a tyrant, assassinated in 44, conflict for 13 years | 18 | |
| 5040891155 | Augustus | Originally called octavian, nephew and protege of Julius Defeated rival Marc Antony, allied with Ptolemies, at Actium (naval, greece) Senate named him Augustus (divine connotation) Fashioned imperial government | 19 | |
| 5040891156 | Augustuses administration | Monarchy disguised as republic Centralized military, gave himself all powers, preserved republican forms and offices, introduced elite to gov't died in 14 CE | 20 | |
| 5040891157 | Roman size during Augustus' times | Southeastern europe, North africa, Egypt, anatolia and southwest asia | 21 | |
| 5040891158 | Effects of Augustian Roman expansion | Gaul, Germany, Britain - only cultivators in small villages Romans stimulated local economy and states, local elites ally with Romans, control resources, build states, cities emerge | 22 | |
| 5040891159 | Pax Romana | Long era of peace within roman empire - 2.5 centuries starting with Augustus Occasional rebellion of conquered people Facilitated trade and communication | 23 | |
| 5040891160 | Roman Roads | Romans known as excellent road builders Deep bed, curbs, drainage, large paving stones, milestones, imperial postal service stations One longer than 1554 miles Combined length about 50,000 miles | 24 | |
| 5040891161 | Sea Lanes | Where roads came to Mediterranean Syria to Palestine, spain to north africa, Mediterranean becomes Roman lake | 25 | |
| 5040891162 | Roman Law | Influenced by Pax Romana, began with 12 tables Worked on body of law that would apply to all people Jurists articulated standards of justice during late republic and empire Presumption of innocence, challenging accusers in court, judges set aside unfair laws, | 26 | |
| 5040891163 | Commercial Agriculture and Economic specialization in Roman empire | Latifundia switch their concentration to crops for export Africa, egypt sicily - Grain Greece- olives and grapes Syria and Palestine - Nuts, fruits, wool Spain - Olives, wine, horses, precious metals Italy - Bronze, pottery, glassware, played role in economic specialization and integration | 27 | |
| 5040891164 | Mediterranean Trade in Roman Empire (What allowed? Effects? Beyond?) | Military and Naval power - keeps pirates gone Peasants get to use high quality products Berendice offers access beyond - (indian ocean) | 28 | |
| 5040891165 | Construction in rome | Gets much of profit from Mediterranean - taxes, tribute, booty, huge urban development Statues, pools, fountains, arches, bathhouses, temples, public buildings, stadiums, aquaducts, Used concrete Employed hundreds of thousands, population up, economy up. Migrants in (low wages) This also occured in other places | 29 | |
| 5040891166 | Roman Cities and Attractions | Imported delicacies and luxuries freshwater, sewage, plumbing Public baths, pools, gymnasia Circuses (chariot races), stadiums, theaters | 30 | |
| 5040891167 | Stadium Entertainment | Battles to death between gladiators, animals Urbanites LOVE Colosseum - held 50,000, had awning, could be flooded | 31 | |
| 5040891168 | Paterfamilias | Male heads get mucho legal authority, rules household, called Paterfamilia Could arrange marriages, determine work, punish, sell and execute Normally good Family = entire household (servants, slaves, relatives) | 32 | |
| 5040891169 | Womens roles | supervise domestic affairs Middle age, much economic authority, selected marriage partners, Law loopholes allow inheritance, many supervise families and own property | 33 | |
| 5040891170 | Effects of wealth | New classes get wealth and rival old nobles New rich build palaces, live in luxury, stark contrast to poor Poverty is huge problem - unemployed urbanites riot. Bread and circuses is solution | 34 | |
| 5040891171 | Slavery in rome | 300 CE - third of roman population in country - latifundia, some in state quarries. Extremely harsh. Large scale revolts - Spartacus and 70,000 others in 73 BC In city - females are domestic servants, males - servants, laborers, craftsmen. Some could live comfortable lives. Some got manumission at 30. Epictetus - prominent stoic | 35 | |
| 5040891172 | Mithraism | Cult dedicated to Mithras (Persian) Closely identified with sun and light. Roman soldiers in Anatolia associate with strength, courage, and discipline. VEry popular. Divine sanction for purposeful moral behavior. Brought together likeminded peeps. Promised union with Mithras. Male merchants administrators also start to join in CE | 36 | |
| 5040891173 | Cult of Isis | along with Cybele, admitted women Egyptian deity, benevolent and protective, nurtures followers and helps them cope | 37 | |
| 5040891174 | The Jews and the Roman Empire | Many empires are state cults, Jews are monotheists. Some won't even pay taxes. Third century BCE and 1st CE - revolts against romans. Ultimately defeated in Jewish war 66-70 BC. | 38 | |
| 5040891175 | Essenes | Formed community in Palestine - 1st cent BC Wrote dead sea scrolls Strict moral code, rituals designed to enforce community Looked for ruler who would deliver them Shared concerns with Christians, though had little contact | 39 | |
| 5040891176 | Jesus of Nazareth | Christian community leader Jewish teacher, born 4BCE, Grew up during time of politcal tension Taught peace, and love for fellow humans, was wise, had miraculous powers Taught that "the kingdom of god was at hand" - scary for Romans Romans kill Jesus in 30s CE | 40 | |
| 5040891177 | Jesus' Early Followers | After crucifixion, followers felt he had risen from grave. Called him Christ (Annointed one) Taught he would bring followers to kingdom of god, taught that he was the son of god, died for sins, faithful world could also survive like him Moral code, devoted themselves to god, wrote, | 41 | |
| 5040891178 | Paul of Tarsus | Jesus' early followers - Jews middle of first century missionaries seek converts from non-jewish communities Paul - jew from anatolia, preached in Greek speaking east. Preached appealing version of Christianity for masses Traveled on roads and sea lanes Eventually went to Rome, executed | 42 | |
| 5040891179 | Early Christian Communities | Communities elect Bishops Bishops oversee priests, governed based on their understanding Doctrinal views vary widely. Generate much writing to express views (supressed after 3rd cent) SOme advocate specific doctrines, other inner truth. Jesus literally rises from dead, others spiritual Resurrection. Some forbid women, others have lady priests, | 43 | |
| 5040891180 | Growth of early christianity | Refused to honor Roman state cults/emperors Occasionally persecuted, but grew rapidly and spreads Appealed to lower classes, urbanites, women. Honored individuals who weren't high in Roman society. Gave spiritual freedom. Spiritual equality of sexes, promised future glory. | 44 |
