The Building of Global Empires
Redmond HS, AP World History with Cordell
Chapter 32, Modern World
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| 599254228 | Cecil Rhodes | (1853-1902) an imperialist who, like many others, made a fortune on gold and diamonds then worked tirelessly on behalf of British imperial expansion thinking it was the crucial for Britain's success | |
| 599254229 | Imperialism | increasingly popular in 1880s, referred to the domination of European powers—later the US and Japan as well—over subject lands in the large world | |
| 599254230 | rubber | This type of tree is native to Amazon River Basin, rubber plantations established in the Congo River Basin, Malaya and an important material in industrialization | |
| 599254231 | petroleum | (?) Important natural resource needed during industrialization | |
| 599254232 | Suez Canal | Constructed 1859-1869 connecting the Mediterrenean to the Red Sea, enhanced effectiveness of steamships & facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by allowing ships to travel rapidly across the ocean, lowered cost of trade | |
| 599254233 | Panama Canal | Constructed 1904-1914 allowing ships to go through Latin America and not all the way around South America, enhanced effectiveness of steamships & facilitated the building and maintenance of empires by allowing ships to travel rapidly across the ocean, lowered cost of trade | |
| 599254234 | maxium gun | A light and powerful weapon that fired 11 bullets/sec. that was adopted in 1880s, gave Europeans stronger arsenals that any other in the world | |
| 599254235 | Omdurman | (??) city in northeast-central sudan on the white nile opposite ot Khartoum. Anglo-Egyptian forces defeated Sudanese native forces here in 1898 | |
| 599254236 | telegraph | This invention made communication much faster, by 1830s land cables, by 1850s submarine cables allowed transport overseas of telegraphs and by 1870 a telegraph from Britain could reach India in 5 hrs. | |
| 599254237 | EEIC | British company that took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s after originally being invited by the Mughals to set up trading posts on the coastlines of India | |
| 599254238 | tea | one of the most prominent trading items traded at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay by the British | |
| 599254239 | Battle of Plassey | (?) the victory in 1757 by the British under Clive over Siraj-ud-daula that established British supremacy over Bengal | |
| 599254240 | Sepoy Rebellion | arose after discontent sepoys rebelled igniting an anti-British revolution in central and north India by people whose lives had been disrupted by British rule; led to a full revolutionary war against British, who won and signed a peace treaty in July 1858 | |
| 599254241 | Queen Victoria | (r. 1837-1901) assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the newly establish secretary of State for India in 1858 | |
| 599254242 | viceroy | represented British authority and administered colony thru an elite Indian Civil Service staffed by nearly all British while Indians held only low-level bureaucratic positions | |
| 599254244 | sati | Hindu practice of burning widows, British worked to abolished this in India | |
| 599254245 | the Great Game | British term referring to competition between Britain and Russia in central Asia in a risky pursuit of intelligence and influence by imperialist adventurers and military officers | |
| 599254246 | Dutch East Indies | Colony controlled by the Dutch East India company exported cash crops of sugar, tea, coffee, and tobacco, plus rubber and tin making it a valuable colony | |
| 599254247 | Singapore | Port founded 1824, administered by Indian colonial officials and was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s which provided abundant supplies of tin and rubber and allowed the British navy controlled Indian Ocean to S. China Sea sea lanes | |
| 599254248 | Burma | British-dominated colony in SE Asia established 1880s after initial Indian colonial officials had conflict with them valuable exports of teak, ivory, rubies, jade | |
| 599254249 | Malaya | British colony conquered in the 1870s which provided abundant supplies of tin rubber | |
| 599254250 | Siam | SE Asian kingdom left in place as buffer between British-dominated Burma and French Indochina | |
| 599254251 | French Indochina | French colony created, 1859-1893 consisting of the modern states of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos | |
| 599254252 | David Livingstone | a Scottish minister and missionary who traveled throughout Africa in mid-19th C, set up mission posts | |
| 599254253 | Henry Morton Stanley | Early imperialist explorer who undertook a well-publicized expedition to find Livingstone and report on Livingstone was later sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s called Congo Free State | |
| 599254254 | Leopold II | (r. 1865-1909) King of Belgium who employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River, known for his brutal treatment of African natives | |
| 599254255 | Congo Free State | Colony created by Henry Morton Stanley (who was sent by King Leopold II) in the Congo that was a free-trade zone accessible to all European merchants and businesspeople | |
| 599254256 | Boers | Dutch farmers who first settled South Africa in the 17th century | |
| 599254257 | the Greak Trek | Journey taken by Afrikaners leaving their farms and heading eastward and inland to claim new lands caused British-Dutch tensions | |
| 599254258 | voortrekkers | Afrikaner pioneers whose expansion often led to violent conflict with natives, but overcame Ndeble and Zulu resistance, thought success was God approved of their conquest and established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 | |
| 599254259 | resource curse | (?-not sure exactly) problem African nations had because if they possessed resources, more European nations wanted to conquer them and exploit their resources | |
| 599254260 | Boer War | (1899-1902) War caused by discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands around the 1870s that led to tensions between the British and the Afrikaners where the British defeated Afrikaners although many native causalities on both sides | |
| 599254261 | Berlin Conference | (1884-1885) European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, others such as Americans were there to convey international approval but no Africans were present | |
| 599254262 | concessionary companies | earliest form of rule granted considerable authority to private companies, empowered them to build plantations, mines, railroads, made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo, but were unprofitable so were often replaced by more direct rule | |
| 599254263 | indirect rule | Control over subjects through local institutions, British model with Frederick D. Lugard (1858-1945), a British colonial administrator who was the driving force between this style of rule | |
| 599254264 | direct rule | Model of colonial rule, replacing local rulers with Europeans, was the French model in French West Africa justified by "civilizing mission", aimed to remove African leaders and replacing them with more malleable rulers but was hard to find enough European personnel to rule over the large area, long distances, slow transport, poor communications made this model often ineffective | |
| 599254265 | Frederick Lugard | (1858-1945) British colonial administrator who was the driving force between this style of rule author of "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" (1992) stressing moral and financial advantages of indirect rule | |
| 599254266 | James Cook | British navigator who claimed Australia for the British in 1770, as well as discovered several other Pacific Islands | |
| 599254267 | New South Wales | Colony established on Australia by Captain James Cook of mainly convicts who supported themselves through sheep herding | |
| 599254268 | White Australia Policy | (?) policy limiting immigration of non-white peoples to Australia | |
| 599254269 | terra nullius | "Land belonging to no one", what the British considered Australia because nomads did not occupy land permanently that they could take and use for their own purposes | |
| 599254270 | Treaty of Waitangi | (1840) Treaty that supposedly put NZ under British protection but was interpreted differently by both parties and led to British colonial control and constant conflict with Maori | |
| 599254271 | Kingitanga | (?) Movement to create a Maori King to rival the power of the governor. Seen as treasonous and dangerous by the governors | |
| 599254272 | copra | Product produced on island plantations, dired coconut which produced high-quality vegetable oil for the manufcture of soap, candles, lubricants | |
| 599254273 | guano | Product produced on island plantations, bird droppings that made an excellent fertilizer | |
| 599254274 | Monroe Doctrine | 1823 proclamation by US president James Monroe warning European states against imperialist designs into the western hemisphere, essentially declared US as an Americas protectorate, justified later intervention into hemispheric affairs | |
| 599254275 | Queen Lili'uokalani | (r. 1891-1893) Hawaiian Queen who invited US to annex the islands, formally annexed in 1898 | |
| 599254276 | Spanish-American War | (1898-99) War that broke out after anticolonial tensions arose in Cuba, Puerto Rico; the US easily defeated Spain & took over Cuba, Puerto Rico then Guam, Philippines; established colonial rule | |
| 599254277 | Emilio Aguinaldo | the "George Washington of the Philippines" led Filipino rebels in an armed attack on the US | |
| 599254278 | Roosevelt Corollary | added to Monroe Doctrine exerted US right to intervene in domestic affairs of nations within the hemisphere if they showed an inability to maintain security needed to protect US investments | |
| 599254279 | First Sino-Japanese War | (1894-95) In 1893 an anti-foreigner rebellion in Korea, Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority so Meiji leaders declared war against China to maintain control in Korea important to their business interests, demolished Chinese fleet and pushed Qing forces out of Korea; China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, Liaodong peninsula strengthening Japanese control over east Asian waters | |
| 599254280 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over land in the Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria; Japanese navy quickly destroyed local Russia forces and the Baltic fleet; caused Japan to be considered an imperial power | |
| 599254281 | cash crops | Crops grown for profits, such as cotton and tea | |
| 599254282 | labor migration | Patterns of migration of Europeans to temperate lands to work as free cultivators or industrial laborers and indentured laborers from Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands to tropical regions to work on plantations | |
| 599254283 | indentured labor | People from Asia, Africa, and Pacific islands often migrated as this type of worker to tropical plantations as replacements from slaves | |
| 599254284 | Maji Maji Rebellion | 1905 "Magic Water" rebellion in east Africa thought traditional magic would defeat the Germans so they sprinkled maji maji on themselves to protect themselves from German weapons, unsuccessful but still a threat to German rule | |
| 599254285 | Count de Gobineau | (1816-1882) French nobleman who took race as the most important index of human potential, author of Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855) where he divided humans into four racial groups with distinct traits (Africans, Asians, native peoples, Europeans) | |
| 599254286 | Charles Darwin | Scientist who introduced the theory of evolution, studied evolution in the Galapagos Islands | |
| 599254287 | Social Darwinism | Based of Darwin's evolutionary ideas in the 1860s, said that "survival of the fittest" applied to human societies too | |
| 599254288 | Herbert Spencer | (1820-1903) English philosopher who relied on theories of evolution to explain differences between the strong and weak, successful individuals and races had competed better in the natural world therefore evolved to higher states than did other, less fit peoples | |
| 599254289 | Ram Mohan Roy | (1772-1833) prominent Bengali intellectual sometimes called the "father of modern India", sought an Indian society based on both modern European science and traditional Hinduism | |
| 599254290 | Indian National Congress | Founded in 1885 w/British approval for educated Indians to meet, discussed public affairs and allowed them to communicate views to public officials | |
| 599254291 | All-India Muslim League | Founded in 1916 to advance interests of Indian Muslims, joined forces with the Indian National Congress |
