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| 7985923644 | Transcription purpose | RNA is generated using a DNA template. |  | 0 |
| 7985923645 | Composition of RNA? | Ribose sugar, nitrogen base, single stranded... Less stable than DNA. Uses uracil in place of thymine. (U instead of T.) |  | 1 |
| 7985923646 | Template Strand | Transcribed DNA strand, has directions |  | 2 |
| 7985923647 | Coding Strand | un-transcribed DNA strand, identical in sequence but T's are U's | | 3 |
| 7985923648 | Which direction is RNA built? | 5' to 3' |  | 4 |
| 7985923650 | RNA Polymerase I | makes rRNA (used in ribosomes) |  | 5 |
| 7985923651 | RNA Polymerase II | makes mRNA | | 6 |
| 7985923652 | RNA Polymerase III | makes tRNA |  | 7 |
| 7985923653 | RNA Polymerase 1 2 and 3 are similar because | they bind to specific (but different) promoter sequences |  | 8 |
| 7985923654 | Promoter | Binding site for RNA polymerase that precedes the sequence of DNA which is to be transcribed. |  | 9 |
| 7985923655 | Transcription Factors | Proteins that bind to promoter region of DNA and stimulate the binding of RNA polymerase. |  | 10 |
| 7985923656 | Initiation (Transcription) | RNA polymerase binds to promoter on DNA. |  | 11 |
| 7985923657 | Elongation (Transcription) | RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides (5' - 3'). | | 12 |
| 7985923658 | Termination (Transcription) | Polymerase detaches and mRNA is released. | | 13 |
| 7985923659 | Exons | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. |  | 14 |
| 7985923660 | Introns | Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences. | | 15 |
| 7985923661 | Post Transcriptional Processing | Converts pre-mRNA to mature mRNA, consists of mRNA splicing and the addition of a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail to keep the mature mRNA intact. |  | 16 |
| 7985923662 | Primary Transcript | pre-mRNA. The mRNA that is made before it is processed. |  | 17 |
| 7985923666 | Codon | 3 nucleotides (3 bases) that code for 1 amino acid - universal language. |  | 18 |
| 7985923667 | Reading Frame | How the mRNA is read in set of three, consecutive, nucleotides. |  | 19 |
| 7985923668 | Frameshift Mutation | An insertion or deletion which causes catastrophic effects due to the way in which codons are translated into amino acids. |  | 20 |
| 7985923669 | What is "wobble?" | The 3rd base in a codon is too important as many amino acids stay the same when the 3rd base is changed. For example, GUU, GUA, GUC, and GUG all code for the amino acid Valine. |  | 21 |
| 7985923670 | Silent Mutation | A mutation to the nucleotide sequence that does not result in a change in the amino acid. |  | 22 |
| 7985923671 | Nonsense Mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. |  | 23 |
| 7985923672 | Missense Mutation | A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid. |  | 24 |
| 7985923673 | How many amino acids are there? | 20 |  | 25 |
| 7985923674 | What does transfer RNA (tRNA) transfer? | tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing protein |  | 26 |
| 7985923677 | What does the ribosome do in protein synthesis? | 1) Matches codons of mRNA and anticodons of tRNA. 2) Builds growing protein by joining amino acids. |  | 27 |
| 7985923678 | What are the three locations on the ribosome called? | The A, P, and E sites. |  | 28 |
| 7985923679 | A Site | Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain (3rd). Tests for codon/anticodon match. |  | 29 |
| 7985923680 | P Site | Holds tRNA as it drops off amino acid, building polypeptide chain. | | 30 |
| 7985923681 | E Site | Exit site, empty tRNA leaves ribosomes from exit site. | | 31 |
| 7985923682 | Initiation (Translation) | mRNA, small and large ribosome sub-unit and tRNA come together |  | 32 |
| 7985923683 | Elongation (Translation) | Polypeptide increases in length as new amino acids keep getting added to protein. |  | 33 |
| 7985923684 | Termination (Translation) | Release factor binds to stop codon on mRNA, polypeptide set free and forms 3D shape, ribosomes dissociate (aren't specific, ribsomes are general) |  | 34 |
| 7985923685 | Polyribosomes or polysome | A name for the structure when many ribosomes are translating at the same time. |  | 35 |
| 7985923688 | Translation Protein Modification | Proteins begin to fold into primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. Additional proteins, sugars, lipids, phosphate groups, ect... are added to make it functional |  | 36 |
| 7985923689 | Free ribosomes | Ribosomes that stay in the cytoplasm |  | 37 |
| 7985923690 | Bound ribosomes | (bound to ER) make proteins for golgi, ER, lysosomes, and secreted out of cell |  | 38 |
| 7985923691 | Signal Recognition Protein | Brings complex to "address", similar to zip code |  | 39 |
| 7985923692 | SRP | signal recognition protein | | 40 |
| 7985923693 | Why do eukaryotic genes regulate themselves? | Control gene expression to maintain homeostasis |  | 41 |
| 7985923694 | Chromatin structure (1) | Chromatin (loosely coiled DNA) wrapped around histones (proteins) |  | 42 |
| 7985923695 | Heterochromatin | Tightly wrapped around histones, NO transcription, genes turned OFF |  | 43 |
| 7985923699 | How do cells control transcription? | Via the action of transcriptional factors, activators/enhancers and repressors/silencers. | 44 | |
| 7985923700 | Activators/Enhancers | Increase rate of transcription thereby increasing protein produced. |  | 45 |
| 7985923701 | Repressors/Silencers | Decrease rate of transcription thereby decreasing protein produced. |  | 46 |
| 7985923703 | How is it possible for one gene to create more than one protein? | Alternative gene splicing, where the mRNA uses different combinations of exons. This creates a variety of mature mRNA and therefore proteins. |  | 47 |
| 7985978541 | When can regulation of gene expression occur? | Any step in the pathway from gene to functional protein | 48 | |
| 7986048455 | Transcription location | Nucleus | 49 | |
| 7986094370 | Translation location | Cytoplasm | 50 | |
| 7986096587 | Translation purpose | Converts codons into amino acids | 51 |
