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| 372165168 | French and Indian War | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. Known in Europe as Seven Years' War. | 0 | |
| 372165169 | Seven Years' War | Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 1 | |
| 372165170 | George Grenville | Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. | 2 | |
| 372165171 | Charles Townshend | (british prime minister) government official, close to the king, likeable, sponsored taxes, "Champagne Charlie", sponsored taxes for: lead, glass, paper, paint & tea. | 3 | |
| 372165172 | Revenue Act | 1935; raised taxes on the wealthy and corporations. | 4 | |
| 372165173 | Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. | 5 | |
| 372165174 | Tea Act | (1773) Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party. | 6 | |
| 372165175 | Thomas Paine | Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man. | 7 | |
| 374309670 | Estates General | After the reign of Louis XIV, the Bourbon kings continued to live their ecpensive lifestyle in the Versailles palace. France had a lot of war debts (Spanish Succession, Seven Years' War, American Revolution), there were also droughts and a noble class that scoffed at spending restrictions. Louis XVI needed to raise taxes, he called for this body in 1789, the "government organization" hadn't been active for 175 years since the Bourbons ruled with divine right. | 8 | |
| 374309671 | National Assembly | The Third Estate of France (95%) became this in June 17, 1789 when they feared that the other two estates would shut them out of the new constitution. This initially caused anarchy and attacks on feudal institutions. | 9 | |
| 374309672 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | A document adopted by the National Assembly that recognizes natural rights based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Independence, and the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This was widely copied and distributed across Europe. It talked about freedom, equality, and rule of law. The National Assembly also abolished feudalism and altered the Catholic monopoly by declaring freedom of worship. | 10 | |
| 374309673 | Convention | After the first constitution that the National Assembly came up with in 1791 failed (marked clearly by the invation of the Austrians and Prussians who tried to restore the monarchy), the French leaders came up with a second one in which this became the ruling body, abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic | 11 | |
| 374309674 | Jacobins | A group of radicals that led the Convention. They imprisoned the royal family and beheaded the king for treason in 1793. | 12 | |
| 374309675 | Committee of Public Safety | An all-powerful body enforcer of revolution and munderer of any anti-revolutionaries that was established by Robespierre and the Jacobins when Great Britain, Spain, Prussia, and Austria began to plan against the Convention and the constitution had to be thrown away. | 13 | |
| 374309676 | Maximillien Robespierre | Jacobin leader who seized control of the National Convention and the Committee of Public Safety. He instituted The Reign of Terror, targeting those who had different revolutionary thoughts than he had. | 14 | |
| 374309677 | Directory | Five-man government that emerged in France after the death of Robespierre, the end of the Jacobin Reign of Terror, and the establishment of the new constitution in 1795.This body failed at implementing a strong domestic policy but was good at building a military. | 15 | |
| 374309678 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Started out as soldier that became a general at age 24. His military achievements and his use of popular vote made him popular enough to overthrew French Directory in 1799, declare himself First Consul under a new (4th) constitution. He reformed agriculture, infrastructure and education. in his Codes he recognized the equality of (male) citizens. His troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and some Italian kingdoms. He dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and reorganized it into German states. He crowned himself emperor in 1804, calling himself the new Charlemagne. At the peak of his empire in 1810, France started to lack resources to manage the huge empire, also an attempted blockade on Britain, nationalistic revolts in Italy, and guerrilla warfare in the Iberian Peninsula undermined his power. In 1812, his greed drove him to attack Russia, the Russians lit Moscow in fire, his army had to return to France (attacked several times on the way back). The attack was such a failure that he was sent to exile. The leaders of his former empire met to reorganize Europe, when they started to argue he came back to rule again, but the allies defeated him in Waterloo and exiled him to St. Helena where he died. | 16 | |
| 374309679 | Prince von Metternich | Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna. | 17 | |
| 374309680 | Alexander I | Russian czar that inherited throne in 1801. He seemed open to liberal ideas, he eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform, because he feared losing noble support. Leader of the Congress of Vienna. | 18 | |
| 374309681 | Duke of Wellington | British soldier and statesman; he led the British troops against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Leader of Congress of Vienna. | 19 | |
| 374309682 | Waterloo | (Jun 18, 1815) The Belgian battle in which Napoleon met his final defeat, the British and Prussian army forces attacked the French. | 20 | |
| 374309683 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. | 21 |
