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| 5988560922 | American Industrial Revolution | Reached America by 1800s and boomed after the Civil War (1861-1865). Economy became more based around factory system, improved transportation (Erie Canal) helped reduce movement prices. Increased immigration from Ireland (potato famine) and Germany brought workers and an increased population. Women's rights, higher education, public education, and other ideas of individual rights became more prominent. Groundwork for social commerce came from two important court cases. People felt safer to invest. | 0 | |
| 5988560923 | Industrialization | Process of industrial development in which countries evolve economically, from producing basic, primary goods to using modern factories for mass-producing goods. At the highest levels of development, national economies are geared mainly toward the delivery of services and exchange of information. | 1 | |
| 5988560924 | Which of the following had a significant impact on U.S. population growth between 1790 and 1840? | -a high birth rate. -improvements in public health. -a declining number of epidemics. | 2 | |
| 5988560925 | What were the factors contributing to a slower increase in the African American population than the increase seen in the white population in the early 1800s? | -higher death rate. -enforced poverty. -Shorter life expectancy | 3 | |
| 5988560926 | What three trends characterized the American population between 1820 and 1840? | -Rapid population increase (4Million in 1790 to 10million in 1820 and 17 million by 1840. -Movement westward -The growth of towns and cities where demand for work was expanding. | 4 | |
| 5988560927 | Immigration | Movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population from another. | 5 | |
| 5988560928 | How many foreign-born people lived in the unites states in 1830 and what was the result of the slow down of immigration? | There were fewer than 500,000 foreign-born people in the country at that time. Due to wars within Europe immigration was cut off. An economic crisis in American also had an effect on this. | 6 | |
| 5988560929 | Why did Immigration grow after 1830? | -Reduced Transportation costs -Increasing economic opportunities -Deteriorating economic conditions in some part of Europe | 7 | |
| 5988560930 | Cities (Between 1840-1860) the river ports. | -Growth accelerated dramatically -NY 312,000 to 805,000 making it the nations largest and most commercially important city. -Philadelphia grew from 220,000 to 565,000 -Boston 93,000-177,000 -26% of the population was living in town, or cities up from 14% | 8 | |
| 5988560931 | Before 1830, _____ had come to serve as the major link between Midwestern farmers and the cities of the Northeast. | New Orleans | 9 | |
| 5988560932 | Irish | -Construction gangs after 1840 were increasingly composed of workers from -Most were Catholic from the Southern Counties in Ireland -Along with Germans, were the main newcomers after 1850 -Most moved to Eastern Cities where they landed and became part of the unskilled labor force. -Largest group was young, single, women who worked in factories or in domestic service. | 10 | |
| 5988560933 | Germans | -Usually arrived with at least some money and often came in family groups. -Generally moved on to the Northwest, where they became farmers or small businessmen. | 11 | |
| 5988560934 | South | experienced both the smallest amount of urban growth and the least settlement by immigrants between 1840 and 1860? | 12 | |
| 5988560935 | Compare and contrast Irish and German immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1840 and 1860. | -By 1860 1.5million Irish-born -By 1860 1 Million German-born | 13 | |
| 5988560936 | What region other than the North East experienced substantial population growth and why? | The West due to a booming agricultural economy produced significant urban growth. Communities that were once small villages became major cities. St Louis, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and Louisville became centers for trade. Trade later moved from the Mississippi River to the Great lakes, creating important port cities such as Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukie, and Chicago which gradually overtook the river ports. | 14 | |
| 5988560937 | Nativist | A person who, especially in the United States in the 19th century, favors the interests of established inhabitants over those of immigrants. Arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. | 15 | |
| 5988560938 | Native American Party | secret societies of nativists that agitated against immigration; endorsed a list of demands that included banning Catholics or foreign-born citizens from holding office, more restrictive naturalization laws, and literacy tests for voting (Not Native American) | 16 | |
| 5988560939 | Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner | Demands included banning Catholics or Aliens from holding public office, enacting more restrictive naturalization laws, and establishing literacy tests for voting. | 17 | |
| 5988560940 | Know-Nothings | a mid-1800s secret anti-immigration fraternal organization; this group later became a political party called the American Party | 18 | |
| 5988560941 | The American Party | political organization formed by the Know-Nothings after the 1852 election which had much success in the 1854 elections in the Northeast but not much outside that areas. There strength declined after 1854. | 19 | |
| 5988560942 | Why did the Canal Age come about? | Barges didn't provide a way to ship goods directly to the urban markets and ports on the Atlantic Coast. Technology advanced to make them possible. | 20 | |
| 5988560943 | Who paid for construction of canals? | The States. NY was repaid its costs of the Erie Canal within 7 years due to tolls and frequent use. | 21 | |
| 5988560944 | Erie Canal | A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. "Clintons Big Ditch". Contributed to the decline of agriculture in New England which resulted in a reliance on crops from the West. | 22 | |
| 5988560945 | Which states were inspired by the Erie Canal to develop water connections between Lake Erie to the Ohio River? | -Indiana. -Ohio. | 23 | |
| 5988560946 | Compare and contrast turnpike transportation and canal transportation. | -Turnpike transportation was expensive and could not meet demands. This transportation continued to be utilized mainly for compact and valuable goods. -Canals supplied a cheaper alternative for transporting from the west and south such as wheat, corn from the west and cotton and tobacco from the south. | 24 | |
| 5988560947 | What was the response of Cities along the Atlantic Seaboard who could not easily connect to the canals that were benefiting other cities like NY? | Cities such as Boston began to set their sights on alternative modes of transportation and began to work towards a railroad system which was already in progress when canals reached its height. | 25 | |
| 5988560948 | Railroads | Emerged from a combination of technological and entrepreneurial innovations: the invention of tracks, the creation of steam-powered locomotives, and the development of trains as public carriers of passengers and freight. Railroad played a small role in the nations transportation system in the 1820's and 1830's but railroad pioneers laid the groundwork in those years for the great surge of railroad building in the midcentury. Railroads eventually became the primary transportation system for the United States, as well as critical sites of development for innovations in technology and corporate organization. Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west. | 26 | |
| 5988560949 | John Stevens | In 1820 ran a locomotive and cars around a circular track on his New Jersey estate. | 27 | |
| 5988560950 | Stockton & Darlington | In England became the first line to carry general traffic in 1825. | 28 | |
| 5988560951 | Baltimore and Ohio | Became the first company to begin actual operations, opening a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830. American entrepreneurs quickly grew interested in the English experiment. | 29 | |
| 5988560952 | New York, the Mohawk and Hudson | 1831 began running trains sixteen miles between Add to Schenectady and Albany. | 30 | |
| 5988560953 | How were railroads funded? | Some came from private sources but most funds were from federal funding; federal, state and local. Federal land grants gave 30 million acres to 11 states to assist in railroad construction. | 31 | |
| 5988560954 | Railroads effects on the segregation of the South | Railroads diverted traffic away from the main water routes lessening the Wests dependence on the Mississippi and helped further weaken the connection between the Northwest and the South. | 32 | |
| 5988560955 | Railroads effects on Settlements and business | Where Railroads went, towns, ranches, and farms grew up rapidly along their routes. Areas once cut off from markets during winter found that the railroad could transport goods to and from them year round. Railroads also decreased the time to travel. A trip that once took three weeks by canal, now only tool 2-3 days by train. | 33 | |
| 5988560956 | Samuel F.B. Morse | Invented the telegraph and invented morse code, pioneer in the telegraph, first way people could mass communicate quickly, use the code to communicate | 34 | |
| 5988560957 | The Telegraph | Before the telegraph all communication occurred in person or through the mail. While transportation improvements made the mail quicker, it did not assist railroads with coordinating train scheduled so different forms of communication were researched. Technology did not yet exist to transmit voices so electricity was used to send codes along electric cables in the forms of pulses, mores code was created to form a way to read and translate these pulses into a written language. The first successful use of Morse Code was in 1860 when the nomination of James K. Polk was communicated over the wires. By 1860, more that 50,000 miles of wire connected most parts of the country. The telegraph also spread quickly across Europe and in 1866, the first transatlantic cable was laid, allowing communication between Europe and America. | 35 | |
| 5988560958 | Western Union | An American financial services and communications company founded in 1851; as an industrialized monopoly, it dominated the telegraph industry in the late 19th century.; it was the first communications empire and set a pattern for American-style communications businesses as they are known today. | 36 | |
| 5988560959 | Associated Press | Founded in 1848,Allows media outlets to buy stories, do not have to send reporters to every major city, able to offer readers more recent news, stories are pretty unbiased because trying to appeal to many media outlets and sell as many stories as possible, | 37 | |
| 5988560960 | Richard Hoe | In 1846, he invented the steam cylinder rotary press, making it possible to print newspapers much more rapidly and cheaply than had been possible in the past. Also, the rotary press spurred the dramatic growth of mass- circulation newspapers. | 38 | |
| 5988560961 | News Papers | The rotary press spurred the growth of mass-circulation newspapers. The New York Sun, the most widely circulated paper in the nation, had 8,000 readers in 1834. The New York Herald had a circulation of 77,000. | 39 | |
| 5988560962 | Corporations | The removal of some legal obstacles in 1830 led to a spurt in the growth of corporations. Ownership of a corporation is held by individuals who own shares of corporation's stock. Individual shareholders are not responsible for the actions of the corporation-just lose initial investment. Employees cannot be prosecuted for the acts of the corporation at large. Attract solid managers, manipulate/influences govt policy to suit their ends. | 40 | |
| 5988560963 | Limited liability | A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments. This along with the formation of Corporations made possible much larger manufacturing and business enterprises. | 41 | |
| 5988560964 | Factory system | A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building. Before the War of 1812, most manufacturing took place within house holds or in small workshops. New England textile manufacturers began using new water powered machines that allowed them to bring their operations together under a single roof. Between 1840 and 1860, American industry experienced a dramatic growth and for the first time the value of manufactured goods was roughly equal to that of agricultural products. More than half of the 140,000 manufacturing establishments were located in the northeast therefore the northeast produced more than two-thirds of the manufactured goods and employed nearly three quarters of the men and women working in manufacturing. | 42 | |
| 5988560965 | Machine Tools | Tools used to make machinery parts. The government supported much of the research and development of machine tools, often in connection with supplying the military. One example is an armory in Springfield Mass which which developed two important tools, the turret lath (Used for cutting screws and other metal parts), and the universal milling machine(Replaced hand chiseling of complicated parts and dies). By the 1840's, the machine tools used in the factories of the Northeast were already better than those in most European factories. | 43 | |
| 5988560966 | Precision Grinder | Was critical to, among other things, the construction of sewing machines but was designed in the 1850's to help the army produce standardized riffle parts. | 44 | |
| 5988560967 | Interchangeable Parts | Parts that spread across many industries. Revolutionized watch and clock making, the manufacturing of locomotives, the creation of steam engines, and the making of many farm tools. | 45 | |
| 5988560968 | Coal | Which of the following was replacing wood as a leading energy source in the mid-nineteenth century? Coal made it possible for factories to locate themselves away from running streams permitting the wider expansion of the industry. Most mined around Pittsburg in Western Pennsylvania. Leaped from 50,000 tons in 1820 to 14 million tons in 1860. | 46 | |
| 5988560969 | Great Industrial advances in the owed to much to American Inventors. | In 1830, the number of inventions patented was 544; in 1860, it stood at 4,778. | 47 | |
| 5988560970 | Charles Goodyear | An American inventor discovered in 1839 by mixing sulfur and rubber in a process called vulcanizing, he could "cure" rubber and make it more elastic and usable. | 48 | |
| 5988560971 | Elias Howe & Isaac Singer | Howe invented the sewing machine, which was perfected by Singer; gave another boost to northern industrialization, specifically the read made clothing industry | 49 | |
| 5988560972 | Decline in Trade in The 1840's | While merchant capitalist remained figures of importance in the 1840's in such cities as New York, Philadelphia and Boston, merchant capitalism was declining in part because British competitors were stealing much of America's export trade, but mostly because there were greater opportunities for profit in manufacturing than in trade. That is one reason why industries developed first in the Northeast: an affluent merchant class with the money and the will to finance them already existed there. Industrial capitalists soon became the new aristocrats of the Northeast, with far reaching economic and political influence. | 50 | |
| 5988560973 | Which of these correctly describe the difficulties in recruiting factory workers in the early days of industrial development? | -Many city dwellers were skilled artisans who worked in their own shops. -90% of Americans still lived and worked on farms. -Available unskilled workers were not numerous enough to meet industry's needs. | 51 | |
| 5988560974 | Two Systems of enlistment that existed to fill labor needs | -Common in the mid-Atlantic states, brought whole families from the farm to work together in the mill. -Another system popular in Massachusetts, enlisted young women, mostly farmers daughters in there late teens and early twenties. Known as the Lowell or Waltham System. | 52 | |
| 5988560975 | Lowell System | Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life. | 53 | |
| 5988560976 | Factory Girls Association | In 1834, mill workers in Lowell organized a union known as this, which staged a strike to protest a 25 percent wage cut. Two years later the association struck again, against a rent increase in boardinghouses. Both Strikes failed, and a recession in 1837 nearly killed the organization. | 54 | |
| 5988560977 | Sarah bagley | organized the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in the 1849s. The group petitoned for the state legislature that there was a 10 hours workday, and for improvement in conditions within the mills. | 55 | |
| 5988560978 | The Paternalistic factory System | As competition in the domestic textile industry increased and wages subsequently fell, strikes began to occur, and with the introduction of cheaper imported foreign workers by mid-century, the system proved unprofitable and declined. | 56 | |
| 5988560979 | How did American workers respond to rapid changes in the workplace? Why were their efforts at union organization relatively ineffective? | Americans workers attempted to unionize and fight for fair wages, good work conditions and fair treatment. The efforts to unionize were thwarted as factories began to move towards a cheaper source of workers, immigrants. Immigrants after 1840 were growing in numbers and their unfamiliarity with their new country had even less leverage than the women they had displaced and therefore they often experienced far worse work conditions. | 57 | |
| 5988560980 | National Trades Union | Organization of skilled workers founded in 1834. It was an association of trade groups, would you join together to achieve better. wages and working conditions forward to members. Group comprised of printers, and cordwainers (makers of high quality shoes and boots). Hostile laws and courts handicapped the unions, as did the panic of 1837 and the depression that followed. | 58 | |
| 5988560981 | Commonwealth vs Hunt | a landmark ruling of the ma supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers. case heard by the massachusetts supreme court. the case was the first judgement in the u.s. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. | 59 | |
| 5988560982 | Central Park | construction started in the 1850's, partly at the request of New York's wealthy, as a place to ride their elegant carriages. | 60 | |
| 5988560983 | Paupers | Genuinely destitute people in growing urban centers. The people were almost entirely without resources, often homeless, and dependent on charity or crime, or both for survival. Often starved to death or dies of exposure. Many were recent immigrants, some were widows, and orphans stripped of the family structures that allowed most working class Americans to survive. Some were people suffering from alcoholism or mental illness. Many were victims of native prejudice barred from working the most menial tasks based on race. Worst victims in the North were free blacks. | 61 | |
| 5988560984 | Middle-class homes were categorized by these traits. | Crowded, even cluttered rooms, dark colors, lush fabrics, and heavy furniture and draperies. | 62 | |
| 5988560985 | What factors contributed to limiting overt class conflict? | -Some workers were able to move from poverty to riches. -Life was better for most factory workers than it had been on the farms or in Europe. -The rootlessness of migrant urban laborers made organization and protest difficult. | 63 | |
| 5988560986 | How did the nature of families change after industrialization. | -Families moved from farms to urban areas. -Sons and daughters were more likely to leave the family on search of jobs than they had in the rural areas. -Due to the income earner leaving the home, distinctions began to develop. The world of the family was now dominated not by production but housekeeping, child rearing, and other primarily domestic concerns. -There was also a significant decrease in the birth rate. | 64 | |
| 5988560987 | Cult of Domesticity | the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | 65 | |
| 5988560988 | With growing distinctions between the role of men and women only one school offered education to both men and women. | Oberlin School -The Mount Holyoke in Mass was founded by Mary Lyon as an academy for women. | 66 | |
| 5988560989 | Public Sphere | An area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action | 67 | |
| 5988560990 | Private Sphere | Refers to areas of life, such as the family, that are thought, in classical liberalism, to be separate from political influence and interference. | 68 | |
| 5988560991 | Holidays | Took on a special importance not just as expressions of patriotism, but a way of enjoying one of the few nonreligious holidays from work available to most Americans. | 69 | |
| 5988560992 | Leisure Activities | Scarce for all but the wealthiest Americans. Most people worked long hours and vacations were rare. For most people, Sunday was a the only respite from work, and Sundays were generally reserved for religion and rest. | 70 | |
| 5988560993 | Minstrel Shows | The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the Civil War, black people in blackface. Minstrel shows lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, and musical. | 71 | |
| 5988560994 | The American Museum in New York | Opened by P.T. Barnum in 1842. Was a "freak show". | 72 | |
| 5988560995 | P.T. Barnum | A genius in publicizing his ventures with garish posters and elaborate news paper announcements. In 1870's he launched the famous circus for which he is best remembered. | 73 | |
| 5988560996 | Lectures | Spoke of advances in science, described visits to exotic places, provided vivid historical narratives, or railed against the evils of alcohol or slavery. Was one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the 19th century. | 74 | |
| 5988560997 | How did farmers in the Northeast respond to agricultural competition from the new, richer soil of the Northwest? | -Farmers moved to towns and became laborers. -Farmers moved west and settled new land. -Farmers changed their focus to supplying food to nearby cities. | 75 | |
| 5988560998 | What new agricultural techniques and technologies improved farm production in the Northwest? | -cultivation of hardier varieties of seed. -automatic thresher. -automatic reaper. -John Deere steel plows which were more durable than those made of iron. | 76 | |
| 5988560999 | Automatic Reaper | Invented by Cyrus McCormick an Hussey who fought over the final design. A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers are an important part of mechanized agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity. | 77 | |
| 5988561000 | Rural Life | greatly different from urban life, focused on church, religious gatherings and social events, most people were fairly isolated | 78 | |
| 5988561001 | cult of domesticity | The cult of domesticity, also known as the cult of true womanhood (by people who like it), is a view about women in the 1800s. They believed that women should stay at home and should not do any work outside of the home. There were four things they believed that women should be: More religious than men. | 79 |
