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| 750862365 | President Profirio Diaz | From 1876 to 1911 this individual had dominated Mexico. ____ ruthlessly suppressed all opposition, while granting favors to both supporters and foreign investors. In 1911, a popular revolt toppled ____ and replaced him with Francisco I. Madero. | 0 | |
| 750862366 | Francisco I. Madero | This individual was elected President of Mexico in 1911, replacing Profirio Diaz. He was a well-meaning, but weak leader who was overthrown and murdered in February, 1913, by General Victoriano Huerta. | 1 | |
| 750862367 | General Victoriano Huerta | This individual overthrew and murdered the Mexican President Francisco I. Madero in February, 1913. Wilson refused to recognize the ______ government and in doing so propagated a new theory of non-recognition. Previously, governments had been recognized if they exercised de facto power. Now Wilson proposed that recognition should be based upon legality and morality. Although the Wilson administration declared American neutrality regarding Mexico, he quietly worked to overthrow ______. When Mexican authorities arrested American sailors in Tampico, Wilson used it as an excuse to occupy Vera Cruz—even though the sailors had already been release and ______ had apologized. Wilson's actions had the effect of uniting Mexico against the United States. | 2 | |
| 750862368 | General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing | This individual led 15,000 American troops on a futile year-long chase through northern Mexico. In 1917, under pressure from Carranza, Wilson ordered _______'s force withdrawn from Mexican territory. Carranza then launched a more effective campaign against Villa. He also pushed through a new liberal constitution. At last, Mexico was on the way to a more orderly government. | 3 | |
| 750862369 | Virgin Islands | The Wilson Administration purchased these lands from Denmark for $25 million. | 4 | |
| 750862370 | "Hyphenated-Americans" | First and second generation Americans. | 5 | |
| 750862371 | "freedom of the seas" | Despite the Unites States economic support for the Allies, Wilson persistence on adherence to neutrality. Increasingly, however, he found it necessary to maintain the tradition of "_______ __ ___ ____." | 6 | |
| 750862372 | "orders-in-council" | Through these regulations Britain attempted to restrict trade with central Europe by issuing a long list of contraband goods, laying huge minefields I the North Sea, and ordering all vessels bound for central Europe to stop I British ports ad be searched. Vessels that violated these orders would be seized. A similar situation had contributed to the outbreak of war in 1812, but the German response in this instance raised an entirely new set of issues. | 7 | |
| 750862373 | Unterseeboot (U-boat) | Like Napoleon, the Germans lacked sufficient surface naval power to challenge Britain at sea. Technology—in the form of the ___________—seemed to provide the Germans with an alternative to acquiesce in the status quo. Germany declared the waters around Britain a war zone and sent _-____ to prey upon enemy shipping there. Because _-_____ were small and very vulnerable to attack, they could not hive warning to merchant vessels before attacking them or stop to pick up survivors. This violated nineteenth century rules of civilized warfare and outraged American sensibilities far more than British seizures. | 8 | |
| 750862374 | Lusitania | This sinking of this British ocean liner—which resulted in 128 American deaths—in May, angered Americans and forced Wilson o make a strong response. He ordered Bryan to issue a series of strongly worded notes to the Germans. Bryan resigned in protest that Wilson was risking war for insufficient causes. Bryan's resignation did not deter Wilson from his course and the notes were issued. | 9 | |
| 750862375 | "Sussex Pledge" | After the sinking of the Lusitania the Germans promised that U-Boats would refrain from sinking liners without warning provided the liners offered no resistance. When a French liner, the ______, was sunk (two Americans killed), Wilson threatened to break relations with Germany. In response, the Germans renewed their promise not to torpedo civilian vessels. | 10 | |
| 750862376 | National Security League | Elihu Root, Robert Lansing, Theodore Roosevelt , and Henry Cabot Lodge stood in the forefront of the preparedness movement, and as early as 1914, advocates of preparedness formed this organization. | 11 | |
| 750862377 | League to Limit Armament | An organization formed by opponents of preparedness. | 12 | |
| 750862378 | Women's Peace Party | This group—led by Lucy Paul and Jane Addams—opposed the preparedness movement. | 13 | |
| 750862379 | National Defense Act of 1916 | Despite efforts of the anti-preparedness forces, the United States government proceeded to increase the size of both the army and the navy. This legislation expanded the regular army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted its gradual enlargement to 223,000. The act also authorized a National Guard of 440,000 and made provision for their training. | 14 | |
| 750862380 | Army Appropriation Act of 1916 | Despite efforts of the anti-preparedness forces, the United States government proceeded to increase the size of both the army and the navy. This legislation provided for a Council of National Defense to consist of six cabinet members. It also provided for a civilian National Defense Advisory Commission. | 15 | |
| 750862381 | Naval Construction Acts of 1916 | Despite efforts of the anti-preparedness forces, the United States government proceeded to increase the size of both the army and the navy. These legislations provided for a significant increase in expenditures for the construction of warships and merchant vessels. There was also a provision establishing a United States Shipping Board. | 16 | |
| 750862382 | Revenue Act of 1916 | The opponents of preparedness gained one major victory. Foes of increased military strength voiced a determination that the burdens of preparedness should rest on the wealthy, whom they held responsible for the effort. The income tax became their weapon. Through this legislation, they enacted a relatively stiff tax on wealth by means of a graduated income tax. The new taxes on wealth amounted to the most clear cut victory of radical progressives in the entire Wilson period—a victory further consolidated and advanced after the war came. | 17 | |
| 750862383 | Supreme Court Justice Charles Evan Hughs | The Republican candidate in the presidential campaign of 1916. (Teddy Roosevelt had hoped to run again, but his actions in 1912 and his open advocacy of United States involvement in the war disqualified him.) | 18 | |
| 750862384 | "He kept us out of war" | The Democrats most successful rallying point in the election of 1916. It involved Wilson's success in maintaining peace thus far. | 19 | |
| 750862385 | "Zimmerman Telegram" | The publication of this in the American press gratedly exacerbated German-American relations. This telegram contained an offer from German foreign secretary Alfred _________ to mexico for an alliance and financial aid in the event of war between Germany and the United States. _________ suggested that with German assistance the Mexicans could recover the territories they had lost to the Americans in the 1830s and 1840s. Although base on the contingency of war between the United States and Germany, the American public read an aggressive intent into the note. | 20 | |
| 750862386 | Bolsheviks | This group overthrew the Czar of Russia, effectively taking Russia out and boosting the entire movement toward war. This development also freed huge numbers of German forces for use against the British and French. If Americans meant to intervene effectively, it must do so soon. | 21 | |
| 750862387 | Jeannette Rankin of Montana | The first woman elected to Congress. This individual stood among this group of dissenters. "I want to stand by my country," she explained, "but I cannot vote for war." The voters of her state did not share her sentiments. They denied Rankin a Senate seat at the next election. She did not manage to get re-elected to congress until 1950. During this term, despite the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, she remained true to her pacifism. She became. She became the only member of Congress to vote against American entry into World War II. | 22 | |
| 750862388 | Rear Admiral William S. Sims of the United States Navy | This individual convinced the Allies to adopt the convoy system of escorting merchant ships in groups with a guard of destroyers. This system led to a sharp reduction in the loss of merchant vessels. | 23 | |
| 750862389 | Liberty Loan Act of 1917 | American financial contributions also proved of critical significance. The Allies desperately needed American money to pay for their war effort. Congress quickly passed this legislation. Funding for these loans was raised through the sale of ______ Loans. | 24 | |
| 750862390 | General John J. Pershing | Led the United States Army when they arrived in France in June, 1917. Pershing concluded that the Allies had been too exhausted by long years of war to launch a decisive offensive. He called for deployment of 1 million American troops in Europe by the following spring. Incredibly, this was done. | 25 | |
| 750862391 | Selective Service Act of 1917 | The success of General Pershing's undertaking resulted from the adopting of conscription which was adopted because of this legislation. Unlike the resistance to conscription in the Civil War, no major draft riots marred its implementation. Although compliance with this act was not universal, most men went along with the draft's premise of service—a key progressive work—as a responsibility of modern citizenship. By the end of the war some 4 million men, plus a few thousand female navy clerks and army nurses were in uniform. Of these, about 3 million men had been drafted. The rest had volunteered. The United States ultimately shipped 2 million soldiers to France and 1.4 million saw action. | 26 | |
| 750862392 | "doughboys" | Name for the soldiers of the American Expeditionary Force who saw action at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood in May and June of 1918, where they helped turn back the last major German offensive of the war. | 27 | |
| 750862393 | Saint-Mihiel | In September, 1918, the AEF made its primary contribution to the fighting when Pershing led 500,000 American troops in the last major assault of the war at _____-______. The infusion of fresh American forces at a time when the Allies had stood on the brink of collapse turned the balance of power against the Central Powers. The German high command declared that this development made the United States "the decisive power in the war." | 28 | |
| 750862394 | Sergeant Alvin C. York | This individual became an American hero when he single-handedly killed twenty-five Germans and took 132 prisoners at the battle of Chateau-Chehery. | 29 | |
| 750862395 | Eddie Rickenbacker | This American hero was an ace. | 30 | |
| 750862396 | Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels | Progressive reformers convinced government and military officials to adopt progressive solutions to the vices of alcohol and sex. This individual banned alcohol on all naval vessels and the army banned alcohol on all its bases and surrounding localities. Soldiers in uniform were forbidden to drink alcohol (ha. ha.) The army also mounted an ambitious program of sex education. In an era when sex was rarely discussed in public, the army's program brought the subject into the open. Concerns that venereal disease might sap the strength of fighting men—antibiotics had not yet been invented—underlay the army's decision. In their mess halls soldiers ate while reading posters that declared "A GERMAN BULLET IS CLEANER THAN A WHORE" or "HOW COULF YOU LOOK THE FLAG IN THE FACE IF YOU WERE DIRTY WITH GONORRHEA!" For those men not dissuaded from patronizing French prostitutes, the army issued condoms. | 31 | |
| 750862397 | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test | The progressive faith in social science led to the use of this by the military to sort all conscripts into areas of the service where they might be most useful. Army psychologists, who administered the test, found the level of illiteracy among the conscripts—about 25%--shocking. Racial and ethnic variations in test scores served mainly to reinforce racial stereotypes. In reality, these scores actually reflected cultural biases built into tests. The army abandoned these tests in 1919, but revised versions soon became a standard part of the American education system. | 32 | |
| 750862398 | United States Shipping Board | The Army Appropriation Act of August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was created by the Naval Construction Act of 1916, this board operated the Emergency Fleet Corporation. | 33 | |
| 750862399 | Food Administration (1917) | The Army Appropriation Act of August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was headed by Herbert Hoover, the ____ ___________ was created by the Lever Food and Duel Control Act. Although the ____ ___________ possessed relied upon a propaganda campaign to "Hooverize" America. Using the slogan that "Food will win the war, the ____ _________ introduced "wheatless Mondays," "Meatless Tuesdays," "porkless Thursday," and victory gardens. | 34 | |
| 750862400 | Fuel Administration (1917) | The Army Appropriation Act of August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was created by the Lever Act and headed by Harry A. Garfield. This agency introduced Daylight Savings Time. | 35 | |
| 750862401 | Railroad Administration | The Army Appropriation Act if August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was headed by William G. McAdoo, operated the nation's railroads as a single unitary system—giving priority to military materials. | 36 | |
| 750862402 | War Trade Board | The Army Appropriation Act if August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency worked to limit non-essential imports and exports so as to maximize war trade. | 37 | |
| 750862403 | Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 | This legislation authorized the president to seize enemy property in the United States. | 38 | |
| 750862404 | National War Labor Board (NWLB) | The Army Appropriation Act if August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was headed by William Howard Taft and Frank P. Walsh, encouraged conciliation and mediated labor disputes. The NWLB favored labor more often than management. Where voluntary settlement proved impossible, the government resorted to coercion. | 39 | |
| 750862405 | War Labor Policies Board | The Army Appropriation Act if August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency was headed by Felix Frankfurter, standardized policies regarding wages, hours, and working conditions in the war industries. Labor and labor union benefited from increased wartime demand. | 40 | |
| 750862406 | War Industries Board (WIB) | The Army Appropriation Act if August, 1916, created a Council of National Defense, which in turn led to the creation of other new wartime agencies. This agency became the most important of all the mobilization agencies. Headed by Bernard Baruch, the ___ possessed a virtual dictatorship over the economy. The board could allocate raw materials, order construction of new plants and with the approval of the president. Fix prices. As with the other agencies, Baruch preferred to elicit voluntary cooperation form business leaders rather than resorting to coercion. Business leaders generally preferred to cooperate because -despite higher taxes—the war caused their profits to soar. | 41 | |
| 750862407 | Committee on Public Information | This agency, headed by George Creel, stressed the idea of "expression, not repression." In effect, Creel favored propaganda over censorship. IN pursuit of this goal, Creel recuited an army of historians, artists, journalists, and photographers to feed his propaganda machine. Historians produced the "Little Red, White, and Blue Books." Film makers produced movies such as The Prussian Cur and The Kaiser, Beast of Berlin. Volunteers became "Four Minute Men," who were organized to make short speeches in support of the war effort at public gatherings. | 42 | |
| 750862408 | "100% Americanism" | The war effort channeled the crusading zeal of progressives into grotesque campaigns of "____ _________" and witch-hunting. President Wilson had foreseen the probability of such a development. "Once lead this people into war," he confined to an associate, "and they'll forget there was such a word as tolerance." | 43 | |
| 750862409 | Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 | Congress gave its official stamp of approval to popular prejudice when it enacted these two acts which outlawed criticism of government leaders and war policies. These laws proved much harsher in both scope and application than Alien and Sedition acts passed during the administration of John Adams. Under these acts, a patriotic film producer drew a ten years sentence for making a film on the American Revolution, The Spirit of Seventy Six, because it risked stirring anti-British sentiment. The impact of these acts fell most heavily upon Socialists and other radicals. In Chicago over 100 leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World were convicted of opposing the war. The IWW never fully recovered from the blow. Just after the war, the Supreme Court up held these acts in two cases: Schenck v. United States (1919) and Abrams v. United States (1919). | 44 | |
| 750862410 | Victor Berger | This socialist congressman drew twenty years for question the wisdom of the war. Although the Supreme Court reversed Berger's conviction in 1921, Congress twice refused to seat him. He finally returned to Congress in 1923 and served until 1929. | 45 | |
| 750862411 | Eugene Debs | This socialist congressman drew twenty years for question the wisdom of the war. In 1920, while still in jail, ____ polled more than 1 million votes for president. | 46 | |
| 750862412 | Schenck v. United States | In this 1919 case, the Supreme Court unanimously upheld the conviction of a man for circulating anti-draft leaflets among members of the armed forces. In this case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes declared that "Free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic." The act, he said, applied where a "clear and present danger" existed that free speech in wartime might create evils Congress had a right to prevent. | 47 | |
| 750862413 | Abrams v. United States | In this 1919 case, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of a man for distributing leaflets protesting United States intervention in the Soviet Union. IN this case, Justice Holmes and Brandeis dissented. They argued that "the surreptitious printing of silly leaflet by an unknown man" posed no real threat of government policy. | 48 | |
| 750862414 | Fourteen Points | In January, 1918, Wilson unveiled his ________ ______ to Congress. They included the following demands: a) open diplomacy, b) freedom of the seas, c) removal of trade barriers, d) disarmament, e) the impartial adjustment of colonial claims upon the best interests of the colonial populations involved, f) called on the Central Powers to evacuate occupied lands and endorsed self-determination for various ethnic nationalities within the decaying empire of central Europe, g) endorsed an independent Poland with access to the sea—the adoption of this point created the Danzig Corridor and contributed much to the coming of WWII, h) this, the capstone of Wilson's thinking, called for a general association of nations to secure guarantees of independence and territorial integrity to all countries—a League of Nations. | 49 | |
| 750862415 | League of Nations | Point Fourteen, the capstone of Wilson's thinking, called for a general association of nations to secure guarantees of independence and territorial integrity to all countries. | 50 | |
| 750862416 | "Big Four" | The representatives of the allied nations that dominated the proceedings. Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Wilson. In the presence of these tough-minded politicians, Wilson's altruistic and progressive-minded program faced vigorous opposition. All prime ministers manifested a determination to punish and weaken Germany. | 51 | |
| 750862417 | Senator Henry Cabot Lodge | The concept of Wilson's League of Nations stirred opposition at home—particularly from this individual who drew up a statement of opposition known as the "Round Robin" which thirty four of his fellow senators signed. With their votes in his pocket, he could block any treaty that Wilson brought home. | 52 | |
| 750862418 | Covenant of the League | Wilson stubbornly refused to accept the seriousness of Lodge's challenge and responded that the Senator must either accept this or destroy the entire treaty. | 53 | |
| 750862419 | "war guilt clause" | In order to secure concessions concerning the League of Nations from his European counterparts. Wilson was forced to make compromises regarding the taking of German territory by the Allies. He also compromised on the issue of Germans reparations. Ultimately, the Allies forced Germany and the other Central Powers to make major territorial concessions. Even worse, they compelled Germany to accept complete responsibility for starting the war—the "___ _____ ______"—and they imposed $33 billion in war reparations on the shattered German state. | 54 | |
| 750862420 | "irreconcilables" | This group consisted of sixteen Senators (fourteen Republicans, two Democrats)—mainly westerns and midwestern progressives—who opposed the League of Nations on principle and were determined to block American participation. William E. Borah or Idaho, Hiram W. Johnson of California, and Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin led this group. | 55 | |
| 750862421 | "reservationists" | This group, led by Lodge was prepared to go part of the way with Wilson, but insisted on limiting American participation in the League of Nations and its actions. This group voiced particular concern about Article X of the League Covenant which called for collective action against aggressors without congressional approval. The possibility, this group suggested, raised a serious constitutional question. . | 56 | |
| 750862422 | Article X | The "reservationists" voiced concern over this part of the League Covenant which called for collective action against aggressors without congressional approval. The possibility, this group suggested, raised a serious constitutional question. . | 57 | |
| 750862423 | Esch-Cummings Transportation Act of 1920 | This legislation attempted to preserve some of the advantages of unified operation. This legislation reversed previous attempts to enforce completion. Instead, it encouraged further railroad consolidation. | 58 | |
| 750862424 | Boston Police Strike | This became the best known of the post-war disputes, because it inadvertently launched a presidential career. Governor Calvin Coolidge mobilized the National Guard and tersely observed that "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time." The strike failed, the entire police forced was fired, and Coolidge became the Republican candidate for vice president in 1920—largely because the national public warmly embraced his sentiments. | 59 |
