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| 285569501 | Senate | Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution. (p. 153) | 0 | |
| 285569502 | Ramayana | A Hindu epic written in Sanskrit that describes the adventures of the king Rama and his queen. | 1 | |
| 285569503 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced Harappan civilization; militarized society. (p. 57) | 2 | |
| 285569504 | Ashoka | Grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion throughout his empire. (p. 184) | 3 | |
| 285569505 | Alexandria, Egypt | One of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean's greatest library; center of literary studies. (p. 134) | 4 | |
| 285569506 | Pericles | Athenian political leader during 5th century b.c.e.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War. (p. 130) | 5 | |
| 285569507 | plebeians | Ordinary citizens; originally those Roman families that could not trace their relationship to one of the major Roman clans. (p. 153) | 6 | |
| 285569508 | animism | A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian religions. (p. 33) | 7 | |
| 285569509 | Code of Hammurabi | A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations. | 8 | |
| 285569510 | Harappa | Along with Mohenjo-daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. (p. 53) | 9 | |
| 285569511 | untouchables | Lowest caste in Indian society; performed tasks that were considered polluting-street sweeping, removal of human waste, and tanning. (p. 176) | 10 | |
| 285569512 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century b.c.e. (pp. 58, 174) | 11 | |
| 285569513 | Tang | Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 c.e.; more stable than previous dynasty. (p. 254) | 12 | |
| 285569514 | Olmec culture | Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 b.c.e.; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. (p. 204) | 13 | |
| 285569515 | polis | City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 b.c.e. (pl. poleis). (p. 23) | 14 | |
| 285569516 | Torah | "the law" of the Jewish faith; first five books of the Hebrew Bible. | 15 | |
| 285569517 | Confucius (Kung Fuzi) | Also known as Kung Fuzi; major Chinese philosopher; born in 6th century b.c.e.; author of Analects; philosophy based on need for restoration of order through advice of superior men to be found among the shi. (p. 102) | 16 | |
| 285569518 | Macedon | Kingdom located in northern Greece; originally loosely organized under kings, became centralized under Philip II; served as basis for unification of Greece and later Macedonian Empire. (p. 134) | 17 | |
| 285569519 | Zhou | Originally a vassal family of Shang China; possibly Turkic in origin; overthrew Shang and established second historical Chinese dynasty. (p. 66) | 18 | |
| 285569520 | dharma | The caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life. (p. 176) | 19 | |
| 285569521 | Bantu | Originated in eastern Nigeria in West Africa; migrated into central and southern Africa using rivers-particularly the Congo Basin; village dwellers who depended on agriculture and fishing. (p. 229) | 20 | |
| 285569522 | Ganges | a river in India that flows into the Bay of Bengal; in Hinduism, it is known as a sacred river. | 21 | |
| 285569523 | pastoralism | A nomadic agricultural life-style based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies. (p. 18) | 22 | |
| 285569524 | Constantine | Roman emperor from 312 to 337 c.e.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually. (p. 259) | 23 | |
| 285569525 | Anasazi | "The ancient ones"; culture located in southwestern United States; flourished from 200 to 1200 c.e.; featured large multistory adobe and stone buildings built in protected canyons or cliffs. (p. 212) | 24 | |
| 285569526 | agrarian revolution | Occurred between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. (p. 16) | 25 | |
| 285569527 | Buddha | Creator of major Indian and Asian religion; born in 6th century b.c.e. as son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became an ascetic; found enlightenment under bo tree; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earthly things. (p. 180) | 26 | |
| 285569528 | Mahabharata | Indian epic; written down in the last centuries b.c.e.; previously handed down in oral form. (pp. 178) | 27 | |
| 285569529 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. (p. 48) | 28 | |
| 285569530 | Mandate of Heaven | The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. (p. 57) | 29 | |
| 285569531 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. (p.138) | 30 | |
| 285569532 | Changan | Capital of Tang dynasty; population of two million, larger than any other city in the world at that time. (p. 427) | 31 | |
| 285569533 | patricians | powerful landowners who controlled Roman government and society. | 32 | |
| 285569534 | nirvana | The Buddhist state of enlightenment, a state of tranquility. (p. 181) | 33 | |
| 285569535 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; Stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar. (p. 156) | 34 | |
| 285569536 | Latin | Any dialect of the language of ancient Rome. | 35 | |
| 285569537 | Alexander the Great | Successor of Philip II; successfully conquered Persian Empire prior to his death in 323 b.c.e.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. (p. 134) | 36 | |
| 285569538 | Neolithic Age | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. (p. 9) | 37 | |
| 285569539 | Zoroastriansim | Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in "House of Song"; chief religion of Persian Empire. (p. 126, 288) | 38 | |
| 285569540 | Maori | Residents of New Zealand; migrated to New Zealand from Society Islands as early as 8th century c.e. (p. 245) | 39 | |
| 285569541 | Jesus of Nazareth | Prophet and teacher among the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed c. 30 c.e. (p. 166) | 40 | |
| 285569542 | Lao Tsu (Laozi) | Major Chinese philosopher; recommended retreat from society into nature; individual should seek to become attuned with Dao. (p. 104) | 41 | |
| 285569543 | Silk Roads | The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. (p. 96) | 42 | |
| 285569544 | monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. (p. 47) | 43 | |
| 285569545 | Homer | ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC). | 44 | |
| 285569546 | helots | Conquered indigenous population of Spartan city-state; provided agricultural labor for Spartan landowners; only semi-free; largest population of Spartan city-state. (p. 146) | 45 | |
| 285569547 | Han dynasty | Chinese dynasty that succeeded the Qin in 202 b.c.e.; ruled for next 400 years. (p. 114) | 46 | |
| 285569548 | Sahel | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and North Africa. (p. 336) | 47 | |
| 285569549 | Hellenism | Culture derived from the Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 b.c.e. (p. 125) | 48 | |
| 285569550 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend. (p. 63) | 49 | |
| 285569551 | Qin dynasty | Established in 221 b.c.e. at the end of the Warring States period following the decline of the Zhou dynasty; fell in 207 b.c.e. (p. 106) | 50 | |
| 285569552 | Ghana | First great sub-Saharan state; created by Soninke people; by 9th century c.e. a major source of gold in the Mediterranean world. (p. 228) | 51 | |
| 285569553 | tribunes | Plebeian representatives in the Roman republic; elected in the Councilium Plebis Tributum on an annual basis. (p. 153) | 52 | |
| 285569554 | consuls | Two chief executives or magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy. (p. 153) | 53 | |
| 285569555 | cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. (p. 32) | 54 | |
| 285569556 | Augustus Caesar | Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome. (p. 156) | 55 | |
| 285569557 | Athens | Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture. | 56 | |
| 285569558 | Sparta | Powerful city in Ancient Greece that was run like a military state. It competed with Athens for dominance. | 57 | |
| 285569559 | Teotihuacan | Site of Classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000. (p. 858) | 58 | |
| 285569560 | Guptas | Dynasty that succeeded the Kushanas in the 3d century c.e.; built empire that extended to all but the southern regions of Indian subcontinent; less centralized than Mauryan Empire. (p. 189) | 59 | |
| 285569561 | Council of Nicaea | Christian council that met in 325 c.e. to determine orthodoxy with respect to persons of Trinity; insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity. (p. 265) | 60 | |
| 285569562 | Celts | Inhabited most of Britain and Ireland; organized in small regional kingdoms; featured mixed agricultural and hunting economies; replaced in most places by Germans. (p. 236) | 61 | |
| 285569563 | Babylonian empire | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 b.c.e.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 b.c.e. (p. 35) | 62 | |
| 285569564 | karma | The sum of merits accumulated by a soul at any given point in time; determined the caste to which the soul would be assigned in the next life. (p. 176) | 63 | |
| 285569565 | Temple of Solomon | temple built for the Jews by King Solomon in Jerusalem, destroyed in 660 BCE by the Babylonians and 70 CE by the Romans, housed the Arc of the Covenant. | 64 | |
| 285569566 | Carthage | Originally a Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean. (p. 154) | 65 | |
| 285569567 | Byzantium | the civilization that developed from the eastern Roman Empire following the death of the emperor Justinian (C.E. 565) until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. | 66 | |
| 285569568 | Great Wall | Chinese defensive fortification intended to keep out the nomadic invaders from the north; initiated during Qin dynasty and reign of Shi Huangdi. (p. 108) | 67 | |
| 285569569 | caste system | Rigid system of social classification first introduced into Indian subcontinent by Aryans. (p. 176) | 68 | |
| 285569570 | Shintoism | Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship. | 69 | |
| 285569571 | Hsiung-nu | Also known as the Huns; horse nomads responsible for the disruption of Chinese, Gupta, and Roman civilizations. (p. 113) | 70 | |
| 285569572 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. (p. 116) | 71 | |
| 285569573 | Sanskrit | The sacred and classical Indian language. (p. 190) | 72 | |
| 285569574 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. | 73 |
