AP government unit 1 constitutional underpinnings. Has terms and constitutional clauses
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| 520039561 | Bicameral legislature | two-house legislature. | |
| 520039562 | Block grant | : money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose ( e.g., transportation) rather than for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program). | |
| 520039563 | Categorical grant | money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose ( e.g., school lunch program) rather than for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation). | |
| 520039564 | Centralists | who favor greater national authority rather than state authority. | |
| 520039565 | Commerce clause | gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among Indian tribes. Granted through Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution. | |
| 520039566 | Concurrent powers | those held by both Congress and the states, e.g., establishing law enforcement agencies. | |
| 520039567 | Confederation | : system in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government, e.g., the US under the Articles of Confederation. | |
| 520039568 | Decentralists | who favor greater state authority rather than national authority. | |
| 520039569 | Direct democracy | system in which the people rule themselves. | |
| 520039570 | Elastic clause | states that Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the first Bank of the United States. | |
| 520039571 | Enumerated powers | those that are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax. Also known as expressed powers. | |
| 520039572 | Federalism | constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments. | |
| 520039573 | Dual federalism | system in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere. | |
| 520039574 | Cooperative federalism | system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems | |
| 520039575 | New Federalism | system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states. | |
| 520039576 | Federalist Papers | group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution. | |
| 520039577 | Formal amendment | a change in the actual wording of the Constitution. Proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states. | |
| 520039578 | Implied powers | those that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congress' enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause. | |
| 520039579 | Indirect democracy | system in which the people are rule by their representatives. Also known as representative democracy, or republic. | |
| 520039580 | Inherent powers | foreign policy powers (e.g., acquiring territory) held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government. | |
| 520039581 | Informal amendment | a change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution, e.g., through a court decisions such as Brown v. Board. | |
| 520039582 | Judicial review | power of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. Established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803. | |
| 520039583 | Mandates | requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. Some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government, but lack funding. | |
| 520039584 | Marbury v. Madison | 1803: established the power of judicial review | |
| 520039585 | McCulloch v. Maryland | 1819: established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers. | |
| 520039586 | Police powers | powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public. | |
| 520039587 | Popular sovereignty | principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people. | |
| 520039588 | Reserved powers | powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment. Any power not granted to the US government is "reserved" for the states. | |
| 520039589 | Separation of powers | principle in which the powers of government are separated among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial | |
| 520039590 | Shays' Rebellion | 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention. | |
| 520039591 | Supermajority | a majority greater than a simple majority of one over half, e.g., 3/5, 2/3. | |
| 520039592 | Unicameral legislature | one-house legislature | |
| 520039593 | Bill of Attainder Clause | Congress cannot pass a law that singles out a person for punishment without trial | |
| 520039594 | Commerce Clause | Congress can regulate trade between nations, states, and among Indian tribes | |
| 520039595 | Contracts Clause | No state can interfere with the execution of contracts. For example a state could not pass a law that declares all debts to be null and void | |
| 520039596 | Due Process Clause 5th | The national government must observe fair procedures when it denies a person life liberty or property | |
| 520039597 | Due Process Clause 14th | State governments must observe fair procedures when they deny a person of life liberty or property | |
| 520039598 | Elastic Clause | Congress can exercise powers not specifically stated in the Constitution if those powers are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its expressed powers that are specifically stated. | |
| 520039599 | Equal Protection Clause | States cannot unresonably discriminate against individuals. They must treat people equally | |
| 520039600 | Establishment Clause | Congress cannot establish an official religion | |
| 520039601 | Ex Post Facto Clause | Congress cannot pass a law that punishes a person after the fact. | |
| 520039602 | Extradition Clause | An accused perdon who flees to another state must be returned to the state in which he or she allegedly committed the crime | |
| 520039603 | Free Exercise Clause | Congress cannot pass laws that ban freedom of worship | |
| 520039604 | Full Faith and Credit Clause | A state must recognize the validity of the public acts, records, and court decisions of other states. For example a state must recongnize as valid birth certificated issued by antother state | |
| 520039605 | Preamble | Into to the Constitution | |
| 520039606 | Privileges and Immunities Clause | A state cannot unreasonably discriminate against citizens of other states | |
| 520039607 | Reserved Powers Clause | Any power that is not granted to the national government or denied to the statesautomatically reverts to the states | |
| 520039608 | Searh and Seizure Clause | This is a protection against unreasonable search and seizure. The authorites dont have a general power to searchand arrest individuals at any time at any place and in any manner | |
| 520039609 | Supremacy Clause | Federal law is supreme over state law | |
| 520039610 | Eminent Domain | Government can take private property for a public purpose but it must provide fair compensation to the owners of that property |
