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| 4780254346 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 0 | |
| 4780254347 | Columbian Exchange | An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. | 1 | |
| 4780254348 | Spanish Conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | 2 | |
| 4780254349 | Cortes and the Aztecs | Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who traveled to Mesoamerica. He was welcomed by the Aztec, who thought he was their prophesied god Quetzlcoatl because he matched the description (white foreigner). He turned on them real quick and captured Moctezuma. He could've destroyed them with military power (guns & steel swords), but he was instead aided by germs (smallpox and other diseases). | 3 | |
| 4780254350 | Pizzaro and the Inca | Pizzaro read about Cortes as a young sapling, said "I wanna do that when I grow up," then sailed to Peru. He met the Inca, 1/2 of whom had already died of disease that was previously brought over, and vanquished them in a flashy display. He basically copied Cortes, kidnapping the emperor Atahualpa and killing the rest with infectious disease and vicious murder. | 4 | |
| 4780254351 | Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | A commercial system surrounding the process of transporting blacks from Africa to the New World (read: sugar/tobacco plantations) and occasionally to Europe for forced labor. | 5 | |
| 4780254352 | Middle Passage | Forced transport of African slaves to colonies. 250,000 Africans came to American Colonies during 1700s. 1/10 slave ships had revolts, which were almost entirely unsuccessful (exception: Amistad). Extremely poor conditions: overcrowding, dysentery (due to urine/fecal matter), and malnutrition. | 6 | |
| 4780254354 | Encomienda System | A grant of land made by Spain to a conquistador to settle in the Americas, including the right to use local Native Americans as laborers. | 7 | |
| 4780254356 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Published an eloquent defense of indian rights, which among other things questioned european conquest. "Black Legend" theory = Spanish conquest was basically evil: just torture, disease, exploitation, and massacre. Triggered a heated debate in Spain. | 8 | |
| 4780254360 | Pueblo Revolt (1680) | Also known as "Popé's Rebellion" against Spanish colonizers. Relentless wave of soldiers, missionaries, & settlers took over lands in "Entradas." The Priests tried to force the Natives into Catholicism, forbidding dances and destroying ceremonial objects. The Pueblos revolted, destroying all Spanish forts and missions in New Mexico. It took the Spanish more than a decade to regain control. | 9 | |
| 4780254364 | Robert Cavelier de La Salle | Led an expedition in 1682 to the mouth of the Mississippi River. He claimed the entire valley for France and called it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. | 10 | |
| 4780254366 | Queen Elizabeth I | This "virgin" queen ruled England from 1558-1603 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She was the last of the Tudors and a religious moderate with Protestant beliefs and Catholic traditions: she established the Anglican Church as the legally-backed, main religion in England. She supported the arts and exploration of the New World, increased the treasury, allowed "sea dogs" to pirate Spanish ships. The Spanish Armada was defeated during her reign, which reflected well on her. | 11 | |
| 4780254367 | Protestant Reformation | Started in 1517 with the publication of German theologian Martin Luther's "95 Theses" that criticized Catholicism by marginalizing Pope's authority, revealing that the merits of Saints had no scriptural foundation, and demeaning the selling of indulgences. It was heightened by John Calvin's focus on salvation & sovereignty as well has his doctrine of predestination. His community in Geneva, Switzerland and led to the establishment of the Protestant churches (Lutherans, Calvinists, Presbyterians, Anglicans, Anabaptist) throughout the 16th century. | 12 | |
| 4780254368 | Church of England | When the Pope would not annul Henry VIII's marriage, he split off from the Roman Catholic church and created Anglicism in 1534. | 13 | |
| 4780254369 | Spanish Armada | As directed by Philip II, a Spanish fleet set out in 1588 to invade England and reestablish Catholic dominance there.A raging storm in the English Channel and the smaller but tactical English navy led by Francis Drake ended that plan. This is viewed as the decline of Spain's Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | 14 | |
| 4780254370 | Sir Walter Raliegh | Sponsored the settlement of Roanoke in the Carolinas in 1584. He left the colony to get supplies and when he returned, they'd vanished almost without a trace. | 15 | |
| 4780254371 | Virginia Company | Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. Founded Jamestown settlement | 16 | |
| 4780254372 | King James I | 1566-1625 King of England. Gave the Virginia Company of London a charter to set up a colony in 1607... Jamestown. | 17 | |
| 4780254373 | Capt. John Smith | Saved the settlement of Jamestown during that first, hard winter by taking over as leader. He enforced the "no work, no food" rule, the digging of wells, building of better shelters, planting of crops and raiding of Powhatan villages for food. | 18 | |
| 4780254374 | Chief Powhatan/Powhaten | Chief of the eponymous tribe also known as Virginia Algonquians who traded with the English settlers at Jamestown. Father of Pocahontas and brother of Opchanacanough. | 19 | |
| 4780254375 | Pocahontas | Saved John Smith from execution Later married John Rolfe and moved to England with him. She helped fix relations between the Powhatan and the Jamestown settlers, initially by performing cartwheels in the nude. | 20 | |
| 4780254376 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | (1610-1614) Lord De La Warr of the Virginia Company initiated conflict with the Indians. It ended with the union of John Rolfe and Pocahontas. | 21 | |
| 4780254378 | John Rolfe | He brought a new strain of tobacco to Jamestown, which saved the colony from fiscal failure, and married Pocahontas. | 22 | |
| 4780254379 | Headright System | A way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to any plantation owner who paid their his passage and/or person who paid an indentured servant's way; predominately in Chesapeake Bay (VA & MD) | 23 | |
| 4780254380 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | Indians' last effort to dislodge Virginians that was unsuccessful. Peace treaty of 1646 crushed any hope of creating an integrated Virginia society or coexistence with the native peoples. | 24 | |
| 4780254381 | 1619 | 1)The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt their own representative governments when possible. 2)Also, the first African slaves were brought to the New World. | 25 | |
| 4780254382 | Predestination | Calvin's religious theory that God has already determined who will receive salvation (the elect). | 26 | |
| 4780254384 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America to be a "city on a hill," and exemplify perfect Christian living. They settled Massachusetts Bay in 1629. NOT SEPARATISTS! | 27 | |
| 4780254385 | The Pilgrims | They didn't want to pay taxes to support the Anglican church or be conscripted in the military, so they separated. Arrived on the Mayflower in Plymouth. | 28 | |
| 4780254386 | Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for autocracy (self-gov't) in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony that didn't heed English monarchs initially. | 29 | |
| 4780254389 | King Charles I | (ruled 1625- 1649), He came to power after King James. He was a cruel opponent of the Puritans and Parliament. Eventually, the people revolted against him and led a resistance to overthrow the king. | 30 | |
| 4780254390 | John Winthrop | 1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. | 31 | |
| 4780254391 | 1630 A Model of Christian Charity | Written by John Winthrop. Inequality is good, enables God to manifest Himself and be glorified. Allows rich to be generous and give and the poor to receive and be humble. Increases interdependence and community. Love is a ligament that binds the body of Christ (church, people, community). City upon a Hill. "Eyes of the world" focused on them. Influenced American religious and societal ideals. | 32 | |
| 4780254392 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in this area. The colony established relative political freedom and a representative government. However, church and state were far from separated (the so-called elect ran the town), neighbors were all up in each other's business, and dissension would reach a tipping point in just 15 years. | 33 | |
| 4780254394 | Pequot War | 1637 The Mass. Bay and Plymouth colonists wanted to claim CT for themselves, but it belonged to a Native American tribe called the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. | 34 | |
| 4780254395 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. He eventually started the first Baptist church in America. | 35 | |
| 4780254397 | Metacom's War (King Philip's war) | Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America. | 36 | |
| 4780254398 | New Hampshire | The population as well as the activities of fishing and trading were growing. Puritans lived in small farms on rocky land. It was absorbed by Bay Colony then separated by the king and made into royal colony. | 37 | |
| 4780254399 | Salem Witch trials | 1629 outbreak of fear, hysteria, and stress in Salem, a Puritan village in Massachusetts. Rev. Samuel Parris' two daughters started having strange afflictions and it spread to all the girls in the village. Three women, including Parris' Indian slave Tituba, were accused of witchcraft. The governor created a special court to try all those suspected of dealing with the devil. Many were hung and drowned in the ordeal. Later, the governor and all jurors apologized for their involvement after realizing the ridiculousness of the hubbub. | 38 | |
| 4780254402 | Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around and founded the city of New Amsterdam, which became the capital of New Netherland. The area did not attract a lot of Dutch settlers because freehold farmers there had more rights and the climate was cold. However, the fur trade did draw some. | 39 | |
| 4780254403 | Five Nations Iroquois | Strong ties with Dutch; traded furs for guns and wampum; attacked French and Hurons. Fought w/ British in both French & Indian War and later in the American Revolution. Were originally brought together by mourning ceremonies that Hiawatha learned from spirits. Eventually became Six Nations. | 40 | |
| 4780254405 | Royal Colony | A colony under the direct control of a monarch. | 41 | |
| 4780254406 | Proprietary Colony | A colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen. Most were given to the proprietors because the King owed someone money or a favor. | 42 | |
| 4780254407 | Lord Baltimore | 1694- Cecil Calvert. The founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the Roman Catholics being persecuted in England. | 43 | |
| 4780254408 | Maryland | 1632; founded in Northern half of the Chesapeak Bay Region; becomes safe place for English Catholics | 44 | |
| 4780254409 | Act for Religious Toleration | First law in America (Maryland) to call for freedom of worship for all *Christians*. Passed in 1649 to quell disputes between Catholics and Protestants, but failed to bring peace in the long run. | 45 | |
| 4780254410 | Bacon's Rebellion | 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Governor William Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians even after they'd attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown. They burned down the city. However, the rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness | 46 | |
| 4780254411 | William Berkeley | Governor of Virginia. Did not provide protection to the settlers from the Indians, and actually acted favorably towards the Deog, which pissed off some indentured servants and freeholders, leading to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. | 47 | |
| 4780254413 | Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism | 48 | |
| 4780254414 | Navigation Acts | Starting in 1650 with decisions made by Charles II's Parliament, laws were passed that required (among other things) that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships. Goal: to keep colonial trade in the hands of the motherland. It wasn't a cup of tea or a piece of cake, though: many of the acts were hard to enforce, and thus, largely ignored by foreign and colonial merchants. | 49 | |
| 4780254415 | The Carolinas | Granted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him attain the English throne. The North was settled mainly by poor tobacco farmers and the South became farmers of rice and indigo. Initially exploiting Native Americans, they turned to English indentured servants and finally to African slave labor. This shift occurred because the labor was backbreaking, people were contracting malaria, and NAs died much faster than Africans did. By 1680, Black slaves far outnumbered indentured servants in all the colonies. | 50 | |
| 4780254416 | New York | (Middle Colony) It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs (Henry Hudson, New Netherland) and became a proprietary English Colony (owned and governed by Chuck II's bro James, the Duke of York) in 1664. | 51 | |
| 4780254419 | William Penn | A friend who founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.Oxymoronically, Quaker Billy lived a lavish lifestyle. | 52 | |
| 4780254422 | Dominion Of New England | 1686- James I's combines the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Sir Edmund Andros). William & Mary didn't scrap the royal province when they came into power, but it ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove Andros out. | 53 | |
| 4780254423 | The Glorious Revolution | (1688 - 1689), Bloodless coup d'etat (overthrow) of Catholic monarch James II of England b/c his wife gave birth to a son and the Protestant Whig Party didn't want him to reign. They knew that if he succeeded his father, Parliament would continue to be a legislative joke→ enthroned Dutch prince William II and WASP wife Mary I (Stuart)→ mob in Boston rose up against Dominion of New England. Result: new monarchs relax control over colonial trade and predestination/salvation r cool in England. | 54 | |
| 4780254425 | Leisler's Rebellion | 1689- 1691. Rebellion that took place in NYC due to conflicts between landholders and merchants (social strife). | 55 | |
| 4780254426 | James Oglethorpe | English leader who founded the colony of Georgia as a place where debtors from English prisons could begin new lives. Enforced strict regulations (ex: no drinking), but was a pretty nice dude (philanthropist). | 56 | |
| 4780254436 | George Whitefield | Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." A religious big wig. Or should I say Big whig? | 57 | |
| 4780254439 | Presbyterians | A branch of Protestant Christianity that has theological Calvinist tradition, emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ | 58 | |
| 4780254440 | Old Lights | Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening. Include the following denominations: Congregationalist (Puritans) | 59 | |
| 4780254441 | New Lights | Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion. Reformed denominations included the Calvinist Pres-biters, Bat-pisseds, Methodisseds, and Congregationalist Pour-it-ins. | 60 | |
| 4780254443 | Jonathan Edwards | A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell. Famous sermon: "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Very captivating articulation. Also Henneberry's Halloween costume this year. | 61 |
