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| 7695345614 | public opinion | what the public thinks about a particular issue or set of issues at any point in time. | 0 | |
| 7695345615 | public opinion polls | interviews or surveys with samples of citizens that are used to estimate the feelings and beliefs of the entire population. | 1 | |
| 7695345616 | samples | a subset of the whole population selected to be questioned for the purposes of prediction or gauging opinion. | 2 | |
| 7695345617 | straw poll | unscientific survey used to gauge public opinion on a variety of issues and policies. | 3 | |
| 7695345618 | population | the entire group of people whose attitudes a researcher wishes to measure. | 4 | |
| 7695345619 | push polls | polls taken for the purpose of providing information on an opponent that would lead respondents to vote against that candidate. | 5 | |
| 7695345620 | random sampling | a method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected. | 6 | |
| 7695345621 | stratified sample | a variation of random sampling; the population is divided into subgroups and weighed based on demographic characteristics of the national population | 7 | |
| 7695345622 | sampling error | errors arising from the size or quality of the sample. | 8 | |
| 7695345623 | statistical modeling | a model that embodies a set of assumptions concerning the generation of some sample data, and similar data from a larger population. | 9 | |
| 7695345624 | tracking polls | continuous surveys that enable a campaign or news organization to chart a candidate's daily rise or fall in support. | 10 | |
| 7695345625 | exit polls | polls conducted as voters leave selected polling places on Election day. | 11 | |
| 7695345626 | What three fatal errors did Literary Digest make in 1936? | drew sample from telephone directories + lists of automobile owners (targeted one group: wealthy Republicans), bad timing (early September), and self-selection (only motivated, wealthier, better educated people responded) | 12 | |
| 7695345627 | Explain 5 shortcomings of polls. | 1. Survey error (margin of error, sampling error) 2. Limited respondent options (full feelings not expressed) 3. Lack of information (poll takers may be uninformed) 4. Difficult measuring intensity of opinions 5. Lack of interest in political issues (apathetic public) | 13 | |
| 7695345628 | political socialization | the process through which individuals acquire their political beliefs and values | 14 | |
| 7695345629 | how gender affects party identification | women - usually vote democratic men - usually vote republican | 15 | |
| 7695345630 | how race + ethnicity affects party identification | Whites, Vietnamese Americans - usually Republican African Americans, Hispanics (though often split), and Chinese Americans - Democratic | 16 | |
| 7695345631 | how age affects political socialization/party identification | era born in affects our view of the proper role of government young adult voters - usually Democratic (liberal position on social issues) middle aged voters - usually Republican (low taxes) elderly voters - usually Democratic (social insurance, were alive during Great Depression) | 17 | |
| 7695345632 | how religion affects political socialization/party identification | shapes attitude towards political issues + American ideals Catholic (though split) and Jewish - usually Democratic Mormons and Protestants - usually Republican | 18 | |
| 7695345633 | how family affects political socialization/party identification | children during early stages usually associate with parents' political views (greatest influence until age 5) | 19 | |
| 7695345634 | how school affects political socialization/party identification | children taught to be patriotic in elementary school (i.e. learning the Pledge of Allegiance, taught respect for the flag) | 20 | |
| 7695345635 | how peers affect political socialization/party identification | strong influence on political perspective from age 5; i.e. Girl Scouts (encourage political participation) | 21 | |
| 7695345636 | how mass media affects political socialization/party identification | Americans have turned away from "traditional" news sources (cable TV, social media, and the internet are the biggest factors); media can often be biased news | 22 | |
| 7695345637 | how leaders/opinion makers affect political socialization/party identification | political leaders, members of news media, and TV hosts easily affect public opinion president can often mold public opinion with use of bully pulpit | 23 | |
| 7695345638 | how political knowledge affects political socialization/party identification | political knowledge + political participation have reciprocal effect on each other; women typically less involved than men | 24 | |
| 7695345639 | how income affects party identification | Low-income - usually Democratic Middle class to high-income - usually Republican | 25 | |
| 7695345640 | how education level affects party identification | low levels of education - usually Democratic higher education - usually Republican (parallels w/income usually) | 26 | |
| 7695345641 | how job occupation affects party identification | executives, professionals, white collar workers, stay-at-home moms - usually Republican trial lawyers, educators, blue collar workers, labor union members - usually Democratic | 27 | |
| 7695345642 | how marital status affects party identification | married - more republican single - more democratic widowed - more democratic divorced/separated - more democratic | 28 | |
| 7695345643 | how political ideology affects party identification | liberals tend to go Democratic, conservatives tend to go Republican | 29 | |
| 7695345644 | how current political issues affect party identification | respective judgement - "punish" the party in power during economic downturns + vice versa perspective judgement - vote based on what the candidate pledges to do if elected | 30 | |
| 7695345645 | the six voting amendments | 15th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, and 26th | 31 | |
| 7695345646 | 15th amendment | prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (African Americans can vote) | 32 | |
| 7695345647 | 17th amendment | established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states | 33 | |
| 7695345648 | 19th amendment | granted American women the right to vote | 34 | |
| 7695345649 | 23rd amendment | extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District three electors in the Electoral College, as if it were a state | 35 | |
| 7695345650 | 24th amendment | prohibits any poll tax in elections for federal officials | 36 | |
| 7695345651 | 26th amendment | lowered voting age from 21 to 18 ("Old enough to fight, old enough to vote") | 37 | |
| 7695345730 | income impact on voter turnout | higher income - more likely to vote; thinks their financial status could be affected lower income - less likely to vote; alienated from politics, thinks nothing will change fro them | 38 | |
| 7695345731 | education impact on voter turnout | more educated - more likely to vote, informed about politics less educated - less likely to vote | 39 | |
| 7695345732 | race/ethnicity impact on voter turnout | Whites - more likely to vote African Americans, Hispanics, and other minorities - less likely to vote | 40 | |
| 7695345733 | gender impact on voter turnout | women vote at a slightly higher rate than men (b/c majority of electorate) | 41 | |
| 7695345734 | age impact on voter turnout | those 30+ years old more likely to vote than those younger; those 70+ years old less likely to vote; only 50% of 18-29 year olds vote | 42 | |
| 7695345735 | civic engagement impact on voter turnout | individuals who participate in civic organizations, trade and professional organizations, labor unions, and church/religious services more likely to vote | 43 | |
| 7695345736 | interest in politics impact on voter turnout | only about 5% of the American population are identified as very politically active; only 10% of American adult population contribute time or money to a party or candidate during a campaign | 44 | |
| 7695345737 | 6 reasons why people don't vote | other commitments (conflicting schedules), difficulty of registration (voluntary, a citizens' responsibility), number of elections (America frequently has elections, some people choose to not participate in all), voter attitudes (apathetic, alienated, or turned off by poor quality of elections), and weakened influence of political parties | 45 | |
| 7695345738 | 6 ideas to increase voter turnout | make election day a holiday, enable early voting, permit mail + online voting, make registration easier, modernize the ballot, and strengthen parties | 46 |
