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| 470974756 | What are the conditions that favored Iberian expansion? | ) -Muslims lacked unity and naval power + China abandoning their navy = sea route for Spain/Portugal to defeat Muslims though battle at sea -technology (compass, astrolabe for latitude, portolan map, triangular lateen sails fought wind and sped up ship, strong ships with powerful brass canons) ^allowed Portuguese to travel past "Green Sea of Darkness" which they thought was a place of no return -religious motivation, wanted to convert/destroy non-Christians ^teamed up with Ethiopia their kings increasing to launched christian crusade ^made them want sea route to Ethiopian king to attack from both sides -great population increase in both S and P | |
| 470974757 | How did the Spanish political system and the Portuguese political system work in different ways towards a similar imperial goal? | ) Spain- Spanish nobles, especially Castilians, used conquest and plunder as a source of income Portugal- Avis dynasty ignored nobles and looked for wealth in working middle class. | |
| 470974758 | What did Portugal accomplish with the aid of Prince Henry "the navigator" | ) -At Prince Henry's observatory mariners and mapmakers planned over sea voyages -1415 conquest of Ceuta (Muslim port in Morroco), navigated W African coast trying to take gold trade from Muslim rule, 1418 claimed Madeira Islands, 1421 claimed Azores islands | |
| 470974759 | How did Spain react to Portugal's expansion with help of Prince Henry? | ) -fought over Canary Islands of which some were occupied by Castilians in 1344 and rest by Portugal after 1440''s -issue settles with 1479 Treaty of Alcacovas saying Spain has rights to Canary Islands but banned from Madeiras, the Azores, the Cape Verdes, and West Africa ^overall loss for Spain | |
| 470974760 | How did Spain prosper during the year 1492? | ) -took Granada, last Muslim state of Iberia -expelled all Jews from country for not converting to Christianity -sponsored Christopher Columbus ^sailed from Spain > West Indies, Caribbean, Hondorus, the Isthmus of Panama, and Venezuela thinking he was in Asia ^did not reach Asia but claimed new world for Spain* | |
| 470974761 | How did Portugal react to Spain's claim of the new world? | ) -felt threatened -Pope issued "bull of demarcation" saying that all land beyond N/S line 300 mils S of Azores = spanish claims -Portuguese complains lead to 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, moving line 500 miles to the west -final agreement gave spain most of land leaving eastern Brazil to Portugal | |
| 471056307 | How did Portugal develop in the first half of the 16th century? | ) -1497 Vasco da Gama (d. 1524) raided East Africa and crossed Indian Ocean to Calicut, India, returning in 1499 with cargo of pepper and cinnamon (?) -Pedro Cabral (d. 1520) traveled passed India to neglected Brazil were very small settlement was made -1509-1515 Alfonso de Albuquerque conquered Swahili city-states and established trading posts in Mozambique and Zanzibar -1510 took Goa, India = base for aid of Hindus against Indian Muslims + conducted trade with Gujerat, producer of cloth. -1511 took Malacca, Muslim stronghold in Malaya which controlled trade with China and the Spice Islands ^wanted to spread Christianity but did opposite by founding new Muslim states | |
| 471056308 | What did the Portuguese change about trade through the Indian Ocean? | ) -closed off trade to competitors, especially Muslims -put taxes on ships trading on Portugal territory in ocean -all ships need cartaz, license allowing non-Portuguese to trade on Portugal territory | |
| 471056309 | How did Portugal impact land based empires? | ) -very little effect -issues with Chinese, banishing them from Chinese ports, smuggled Indian an American goods into China instead | |
| 471056310 | What was Portugal's relationship with Japan? | ) -1542 Portuguese traders accidentally crash in Japan where diamyo (fuedal overlords) were fighting for power -traded Chinese silk for Japanese gold -diamyo Nobunaga briefly used Catholic Portuguese as ally against Buddhist components. -late 1630's Japanese gov eventually expelled all Europeans | |
| 471056311 | What caused the decline of the Portuguese Empire? | ) -did not have skills needed for a global empire -relied too much on bankers and spice brokers of N europe for financing -great decrease in population ^few remaining men overseas mated with local women who were mostly concubines, prostitutes, and slaves -overall weakening of morale, economic deficiency, and military power -lost ground to omani arabs, spain, and dutch | |
| 477231266 | What was the Portuguese's original goal when they came to Africa? | ) -to get direct access to the gold fields of West Africa without going through the middle man, Muslim Kingdoms of the Sudan who dominated trade there. | |
| 477231267 | What did the Portuguese want from the Kingdom of Mali? How did they try to accomplish that? How did the King of Mali respond? | ) -wanted to be involved in direct trade of gold with mali -sent representatives with Muslim Dyula traders to Mali -rejected by King | |
| 477231268 | What did Portugal do after being rejected by mali? | ) -1482, tried to form relationship with Akan kingdom by exchanging firearm, copper and brass objects, textiles, slaves, and later cowrieshells for gold in return for 20,000 ounces of gold each year as long as they stay honost | |
| 477231269 | What is the Gold Coast? | ) -present day Ghana -place of major gold trading business (?) -Potrugal arrived there looking for gold in 1471 | |
| 477231270 | What is the Kingdom of Benin and its relationship with Portugal? | ) -kingdom of sw Nigeria, call their kings obas, strong gov and army, unimaginable art -1486, Portuguese entered oba Ozuola's court and received Maltese-type cross as gift = hope to convert them to Christianity, did a little and traded a little but never fully trusted by Benin, kept at a distance -traded their stuff for pepper, ivory, cloth, beads, and slaves then traded slaves with Akan states for gold | |
| 477231271 | What is the Kongo Kingdom and how did it react to Portugal? | ) -vast kingdom largely influenced by queen mother -first thought of P as earth/water spirits but King Nzinga Nkuwu looked to them as a major ally against neighboring African states inviting them to send teachers, technicians, missionaries, and soldiers -His son Nzinga Knuwu (d. 1543) converted himself and the state to Catholicism and official language to Portuguese, encouraging European traditions and changing name to Don Afonso | |
| 477231272 | What happened to the Kongo-Portuguese relationship? | ) -Portugal upset with cloth products from Kongo went crazy kidnapping people as slaves and weakening Kongo -Afonso begged King Manuel to help but was shot by slavers -started war -1571, Portugal established colony on boarder of Kongo, meant to be white colony but nothing really happened there, became Afro-Portuguese | |
| 477231274 | Why where the Swahili city-states tempting targets for the Portuguese? How did they conquer them? | ) -they were located in a good place for trade with Asia -they were rarely engaged in war or had large military forces so they were easy to conquer with P naval force -invaded and burnt most states, made alliance with Malinda | |
| 477231275 | What did Portugal do after conquering the Swahili city-states? | ) -tried to keep internal trade going -built fort in Mombasa to intimidate other cities and support naval operations against Turks and Arabs in Red Sea -trade stayed normal but local industries disappeared -1698, Omani Arabs expel P, Swahili happy | |
| 477231276 | Why were the P drawn to the Zimbabwe Plateau? What did they do there? | ++++++ -needed their gold mines (really only rumer) -needed gold to get spices from Indian Ocean -1506, seized Sofala taking over Muslim's gold trade -established relationship with Mutapa but ended when M king ordered death of Jesuit Missionary in 1560 -trading settlement in Zambazi went bad anyways because no gold there -later Mutapa needed help from P in war, signing treaty in 1607 -eventually M got powerful and kicked P out | |
| 477231277 | Prestor John | +++++ -tale of mythical Ethiopian christian monarch holding Muslims at bay | |
| 477231278 | Eleni | )+++++ -Duaghter of muslim king who married ethiopian emperor Baeda Maryam -wrote treaty to Portugal for alliance against Turks | |
| 477231279 | Summary of Portugal | +++++++ | |
| 477231280 | Hispaniola | +++ -where most of spanish conquering occured | |
| 477231281 | aztecs | +++ -S had issues with this powerful tribe in the gulf coast | |
| 477231282 | Hornando cortez | +++ -sent to beat Aztecs, made allies, surprised them with weapons -Moctezuma = aztec emperor, heald off cortez until cortez's lutienant attached unarmed nobles causing religious war -cortez lost at first but with help from indians and smallpox epidemic, won, took over aztects land and made new Spain | |
| 477231283 | Ferdinand Magellan | ++++ -encouaged by Vasco de Balboa -1520 took 99 day voyage to phillipines, got involved in their conflicts and disease killed most of his men, only one baot returned | |
| 477231284 | Atagualpa | ++ -took throne of inca state, issues with succession weakened imperial unity and allowed spanish to take over | |
| 477231285 | Francisco Pizzaro | +++ - along with Almagro conquered Cuzco -took over Peru -Almagro murdered Pizzaro= civil war | |
| 477231286 | Summary of Spain | +++++ | |
| 477445773 | How did Spain govern Mexico and Peru? | ) -all land technically owned by king -established two viceroyalties polpulated by 200,000 Spanish and mestizos by 1600 -Council of the Indies, directed the vicroys and gave advice about colonial policies -System of councils ( audiencias) made up of Spanish aristocratic lawyers = regional legislative and judicial tribunals -Local governors assisted town councils (cabildos) under viceroys -indian nobles= local rulers to maintain order and collect taxes and tribute for Spain -spaniards and mestizos = very little voice | |
| 477445774 | viceroyalties | ) -Provinces ruled by viceroys, direct representatives of the monarch. | |
| 477445775 | mestizo | ) -a person of Spanish and Indian decent | |
| 477445776 | How did Portugal govern Brazil? | ) -much bigger than Portugal -at first controlled by 15 aristocratic "captains" w/ hereditary rights to tax, dispose land, make laws, and administer justice -1540, P appoint royal governor-general in reaction to French threat on their power, not as powerful as viceroys in M + P | |
| 477445777 | How did Spain make money from mining overseas? | ) -everything underground belonged to king -king gave permits to companies in exchange for 10 to 20 percent of metals found -at first gold = most valuable, later silver in M + P but needed more man work to find | |
| 477445778 | How was trade organized between Spain and new world? | ) -metals sent on warships from Havana to Seville -often stolen by pirates, Portuguese, French, and English -grain, wine, olive oil, textiles, and Asian porcelains and silk sent from seville to new world -on land goods transported on wagon or animal (mules + llamas) = jobs as carters | |
| 477445779 | Besides mining, what were the main economic pursuits of the Spaniards? | ) -agriculture and ranching -Spanish officials let all indians keep land as long as they occupied or cultivated it -disease killed most Indians and land taken over and given to Spanish officials and military. | |
| 477445780 | How did Spanish settlers change Indian agriculture? | ) -introduction of new animals and crops caused more farming of land, upsetting ecological balance -tried to introduce plantations (large estates for farming) but difficult due to need of man power | |
| 477445781 | what in an encomienda? how was this system stopped? | ) -a system of control over land and Indian labor granted to an often abusive Spanish colonist -similar to feudalism -introduced in Mexico by Cortez -slowly abandoned after 1550's thanks to Bartolome de Las Casas, a dominican friar who said that indians are Christians and should be given same right as other Christians, did not aply to Africans -convinced Charles V to make New Laws of 1542-1543, ending encomiendas at encmenderos' death, ending Indian slavery, and putting slaves under protection of spanish law -not enforced because needed encomenderos o administer new laws -encomiendors gradually went away but indians now put on reservations under control of local officials | |
| 477445782 | How did the Spanish deal with labor issues in Mexico and Peru? | ) -put tax on indigenous people forcing them to work in order to pay tax -disease killed most of indigenous people under hard working conditions -imported many African slaves which costed more but: 1.) Africans = more immune to European disease so could work harder 2.) there was a slave trade system already established 3.) Africans away from families had a harder time escaping | |
| 477445783 | What labor did the Africans do in for both Spain and Portugal? | ) -worked gold mines and on cattle ranches in the capital, Lima -later replaced by Indians and moved on to work in growing sugar plantations. | |
| 477445784 | Why was Sao Tome a good place for sugar plantations for Portugal? | ) -uninhabited before Portuguese got there -good weather for sugar production -near Angola, source of slaves -Sao Tome, Cape Verde, and Madeira (the Atlantic islands) = models for plantation system in Brazil around 1550 -Islands + Brazil = world's largest sugar producer and importer of unfree labor from Africa (?) | |
| 477445785 | How did spain morally justify their colonization in the New World | ) -through the idea of the "spiritual conquest" of the indigenous people by Christianity | |
| 477445786 | What effects did the Spanish crown have on the Catholic Church during the conquering of the New World? | ) -established churches, convents, and hospitals, appointed and paid priests and bishops, established dioceses (territories of a bishop), and collected gifts, tithes, and fees for marriage and burials. -church gained great wealth through land and mortgages -1569, church introduced tribunals of the inquisition who at first made sure Protestantism didn't spread and later disciplined Indian converts who still practiced old rituals -priesthood divided into secular and regular clergy ^secular raised own money and were directly under bishop ^regular clergy take a vow of poverty and and follow monastic orders such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits, in charge of converting indigenous people. | |
| 477445787 | What were the regular clergy's responsibilities in the New World? How did they effect the New World? | ) -convert indigenous to Christianity -learn languages, Nahuatl of Aztecs and Quechua of Incas ^spread these languages until dominant in Mexico and Peru -found colleges to train future priests ^ 1520 Franciscans start college in Mexico City to train son of Indian nobility but failed because I nobles not allowed to ordain -mostly caught attention of Creoles who later became rivals of Spanish-born priests for leadership of church -not only converted Indians but also made them inherit European culture (change name, monogamy, nuclear families, work habits, christian calendar...) -suppressed indigenous religion, persecuting Indian priests, built Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe over Aztec shrine after Virgin of Guadalupe appeared before Indian in 1531. | |
| 478762180 | Who made up the social hierarcy in the Spanish colonies? Who was on top? | ) -Included Europeans, indians, Africans, multiracial and multiethnic -Spanish on top -settlers | |
| 478762181 | How were the Spanish settlers divided in the colonies? | ) -divided into two groups: 1.) peninsulares, born in spain 2.) Creoles, of European descent but born in Americas -often intermarried with each other and daughters of Indian nobility due to lack of women settlers | |
| 478762182 | What are mestizos? | ) -Because there were few women settlers, Europeans often married daughters of Indian nobility. Their children would be called mestizos and could inherit their fathers property and were excepted by Spanish societies. | |
| 478762183 | What was the condition of Spanish women in the Spanish colonies? | ) -only about 10% of settlers were women -had few tasks = male superiority -had no contact with males through childhood -learned to be house wives and married in early teens -Spanish women were however given certain legal rights over men (money, separation) -widows usually operated businesses, some very powerful -some went to protection of convents as nuns | |
| 479045843 | What is the castas? | ) -a social category of free men and women of mixed ancestries -divided into mestizos (euro/Indian) and mulattoes (euro/African) | |
| 479045844 | What are the zambos? | ) -Social class of men and women who are both Indian and African -often occurred either in societies were the two races interacted or in situations where African slaves escape plantations and find homes among indians -often stayed away from Spanish settlements | |
| 479045845 | How were the Indian's effected by the Spanish settlers | ) -treated poorly -had to adapt to new colonial order, and Spanish culture -some had to leave homes to work in mines, farms, or haciendas, estates or plantations belonging to elite families -some kept nobility and became Spanish allies | |
| 479045846 | How were Africans treated by the Spanish | ) -bottom of social hierarchy, some exceptions ^some formed second class society in Spain ^some joined in conquest of Mexico and Peru and were rewarded with encomiendas or watched watched over Indian laborers, an intermediate between Indian and Spanish, often granted freedom at end of service -Africans who are not exceptions were slaves ^treated worse in areas where their are more plantations ^in places were plantations were carce, often worked as apprentices as shoemakers, tailors... ^in Lima given time off for an extra job to by freedom | |
| 481622593 | What conditions offered opportunities for the northern European States? | ) -Spain and Spanish empire and the Portuguese empire which was unified by a Hapsburg king began to decline suffered from its own imperial problems | |
| 481622594 | What new products were being imported into Northern Europe during the Commercial Revolution? | ) -foods (potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, maize, tomatoes) -Spices (pepper, cloves, cinnamon) -sugar -coffee, tea, cocoa -clothing, wood, ivory -gold and *silver | |
| 481622595 | How did the Commercial Revolution effect northern Europeans? | ) -most metals imported used to pay for their import= great inflation effecting landlords with a set rent and creditors who are paid cheap money -however increased profits of merchants who are selling = increase in northern European capitalism | |
| 481622596 | Who dominated the rising Atlantic economy? | )+++ -Italian merchants and moneylenders, especially Florentines, Venetians, Genoese, and German Fugger banking house at Augsburg ^Fugger bank and Genoese suffered of Spanish economic decline under Charles V and Philip II -Antwerp in s Netherkands = center of European economy ^center of English wool trade and a transfer station, financial market ^ | |
| 482454741 | The Dutch Empire | ) +++ -most of empire at first neutral and did not look for expansion but the colony Java did ^fought Portuguese and Spanish navy, defeating them in order to create a monopoly of the trade of spices (*pepper) -5 initial Dutch companies made too much competition and less profit, formed Dutch East India Company controlling all trade between Cape of Good Hope, Africa and the Strait of Magellan -established by Jan Pieterszoon (??) -expanded commercially but not territorially -Dutch West Indian Company formed after taking over Spanish and Portuguese holdings in West Africa and Americas, taking over slave trade and concurring Brazil where they learned sugar planting -Henry Hudson explored to Hudson river where he established Dutch claims ^15 years later company founded New Amsterdam, Manhattan Isl and trading posts in Hudson Valley ^tried to start agriculture but mostly fur trade with Iroqois tribe | |
| 482454742 | The French Empire | ) +++ -at first distracted by religious wars, 30 years war, other probs -Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier = first early colonization in N America ^JC (1491-1557), explored St. Lawrence river, tried to establish colony in 1543 but failed due to French issues (war w/ iberians, ...) -First actual settlement 1605, fur-trading center, capitol of St. Lawrence region -1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec under French-chartered company ^brought some settlers before taken by British troops in 1627, taken back 1629 w/ Champlain as governor ^declined due to reliance on fur trade, cold, probs w/ indians -afterwards Montreal founded -even with probs with iberians still was able to expand and took over Caribbean + slaves = largest sugar + coffee producer | |
| 482454743 | The English Empire | ) +++ -at first also had issues (bad gov, civil war) but religious persecution encouraged people to travel -failed search for northern passage to Asia = exploration of N America coast (John Cabot) and discovery of trade route to Russia -1607, Jamestown, VA = first English settlement ^people at first had no food but saved by leader, Captain John Smith (d.1631) who was rescued by Princess Pocahontas -Settlement led to many more, governed by London Company but still had rights as Englishmen ^1619 = first meeting of Virginia House of Burgesses discussing government -1620 Pilgrims founded Plymouth, inspire religious dissenters against Charles I -1629 Puritans create Massachusetts Bay Company near Boston with their own self-government -situation in English colonies = bad with no food, disease, and probs with Indians but settlers looked to future because they brought family to raise in New world, weren't going back -Anglo-American women treated poorly, some stood up ^Anne Hutchinson (d. 1643) banished from MA for heretical views and founded dissenting religious settlement in RI ^Anne Bradstreet expressed men's views through poetry - (+++) English gov did not care for settlers as much as West Indies and Africa, English migrants entered West Indies taking over Bermuda and tobacco planting -(+++)meanwhile English trading posts in west africa flourished and English adventurers started operations in Asia for spices |
