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| 4858663991 | Empires (1) | *advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov'ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people | 0 | |
| 4922980881 | River valley civilizations (1) | *complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions | 1 | |
| 4922987398 | Persia Basic Info (3) | *In modern day Iran *grew under power of King Darius & Cyrus *the Persians conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, & India | 2 | |
| 4922998519 | Persia Culture (3) | *Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil *Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives *Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam | 3 | |
| 4923012784 | Persian Empire (5) | *Persians controlled their empire by -being tolerant & allowed conquered people to keep their languages & religions -Rather than destroying or looting conquered cities, King Cyrus would show respect for local customs *King Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap (local governor) *Satraps were the "eyes & ears of the king," collected taxes, & informed the king of uprisings *The Persians used metal coins with standardized values to help promote trade | 4 | |
| 4923041359 | Greece Basic Info (3) | * developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia *The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece *Classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages | 5 | |
| 4923063992 | Greece Geography (4) | *Greece's lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek to trade with neighboring societies *Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible *The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis, within each valley & its surrounding mountains *Access to the sea increased trade & cultural diffusion (sharing ideas) with other cultures | 6 | |
| 4923070323 | Greece Culture (5) | *Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: -Greeks shared the same language -Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin *Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities;Religion became the basis for Greek mythology *City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god *Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government | 7 | |
| 4923084249 | Differences Among Greek City-States (Government) (4) | Despite similar language & religion, the Greek polis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed *Some polis had a monarchy, a gov't ruled by a king *Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov't ruled by elite nobles *Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov't ruled by a small group of citizens *Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov't ruled by citizens who vote on decisions | 8 | |
| 4923101780 | Athens (4) | The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis *Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: -Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office -Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena -Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic to find answers to questions | 9 | |
| 4923118187 | Sparta (4) | The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis *Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning *Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old *Boys began military training at age 7 *Women ran family estates while men trained or fought | 10 | |
| 4923123784 | Peloponnesian War (1) | Athens & Sparta competed for influence in Greece & developed a strong rivalry that eventually led to the Peloponnesian War | 11 | |
| 4923152599 | Greece Military (6) | *From 493 B.C. to 479 B.C., Persian kings Darius & Xerxes tried (but failed) to conquer the Greeks in the Persian Wars *The Peloponnesian Wars left the Greeks weak & open to invasion *After the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states, led by rivals *Athens & Sparta, fought each other in the Peloponnesian Wars *In 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia attacked & conquered the Greeks, but he died soon after *Macedonians viewed themselves as Greeks & shared much of their culture; King Philip II hired Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander | 12 | |
| 4923172615 | Alexander (18) | *Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king of Macedonia -But he proved to be ambitious & a brilliant military strategist -Once in power, Alexander began to expand his empire *King Philip II hired Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander *Alexander began his conquest by crushing a Greek revolt in Thebes; -He ordered the death of 6,000 people & sold everyone else into slavery; -His brutality convinced other Greeks to not rebel *conquering Egypt; -Egyptians viewed Alexander as a liberator *In 331 B.C., Alexander attacked & defeated the mighty Persian army led by King Darius III *Alexander destroyed the capital of Persepolis *Alexander led his army to conquer India; -After taking the Indus River Valley, Alexander's troops begged him to return home after 11 years away from their homes while conquering the empire *he fell ill & died at the age of 32 *He spread Hellenic (Greek) innovations & culture throughout his empire *in each territory he conquered, Alexander left behind a Greek-styled city named Alexandria *When Alexander died without an heir, his empire was divided among his top 3 generals -Alexander's empire was the largest of the classical era, but it was short-lived (13 years) & was never unified or governed | 13 | |
| 4923206576 | Alexandria, Egypt (3) | *Alexandria in Egypt was the most significant of these cities & best represented Hellenism (the spread & blending of Greek culture *Alexandria became the center for Hellenistic culture & trade for the Mediterranean world *Alexandria had a museum & library that preserved Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Indian cultures & attracted scholars for centuries | 14 | |
| 4923229279 | Greek Achievement (3) | *The Greeks emphasized education & the pursuit of knowledge *Many Greeks could afford to support academies & centers of learning *Greece's location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade, the spread of diverse ideas, & the ability to build n achievements from other parts of the ancient world | 15 | |
| 4923232229 | Greek Democracy (4) | *The foundation for our democratic republic began in Athens with their development of direct democracy. *Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting. *A council would propose laws and then all men over 18 years that wanted to could vote *The approved ideas would become laws. | 16 | |
| 4923239053 | Greek Literature & Drama (3) | *Homer, the poet wrote the famous stories of The Odyssey and The Iliad, which are read in Language Arts classes all over the world. *They were the first to develop comedies and tragedies. *Theaters were built that were open-air and built in a way that everyone in the audience could hear and see the action. | 17 | |
| 4923241395 | Greek Architecture (2) | *The Parthenon, a temple made of marble in honor of the goddess Athena, is probably one of the most famous examples of Greek architecture. *The Greeks used columns (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) & displayed murals of mythological scenes in their buildings. | 18 | |
| 4923245306 | Greek Mathematics (3) | *circumference of circles. *Euclid developed proofs that became the basis for modern geometry *Pythagorean Theorem | 19 | |
| 4923251391 | Greek Engineering (2) | *The Greek scientist Archimedes used engineering to design levers to lift heavy objects as well as a large screw that pumped water from the ground. *Archimedes also invented war machines with reflective metals that used the sun's heat to burn ships and catapults that threw stones and arrows. | 20 | |
| 4923253874 | Greek Art (3) | *The Greeks began carving life-size statues very early on. Greek sculpture was innovative by showing realism & human movement *Greek artists tried to show "ideal human beauty" which often was represented by nude sculptures | 21 | |
| 4923257347 | Greek Medicine (3) | *Hippocrates is called the "father of modern medicine" because he began a school that introduced new medical teachings and practices. *Hippocrates believed that disease was caused by natural events not by the gods. *The Greeks developed the Hippocratic Oath, a pledge that doctors take that emphasizes doctor's responsibility for their patients. | 22 |
