Terms : Hide Images
| 4903422947 | biodiversity | *provides us with more ecosystem services *promotes resilience within a species and within a biological community | 0 | |
| 4903432716 | allopatric speciation (geographic isolation) | when two populations of one species become physically separated and eventually evolve into separate species |  | 1 |
| 4903449680 | background extinction rate | 1-5 species per million on Earth per year; the natural rate at which extinction occurs | 2 | |
| 4903454117 | endemic species | species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction due to them living in only one specific location | 3 | |
| 4903456888 | mass extinction | situation where extinction as exceeded the background rate due to some massive change or disruption of the Earth system | 4 | |
| 4903467879 | species diversity | the number of different species in a particular ecosystem | 5 | |
| 4903472917 | genetic diversity | the variety of genes that exist within one species | 6 | |
| 4903482861 | ecosystem diversity | diversity of different ecosystems, or biomes on Earth | 7 | |
| 4903488354 | functional diversity | made up of all the different services that different ecosystems provide | 8 | |
| 4903496598 | The Shannon Index (H') | *ranges from 0 to 4.6 *higher values indicate more diversity | 9 | |
| 4903504344 | Shannon's Equitability Value (E sub h) | *ranges from 0 to 1, 1 with high evenness, and 0 with low evenness *a measure of the evenness within a community | 10 | |
| 4903529958 | niche | a species "pattern of living", can include its habitat, resource use/needs, space required, tolerable temperature range | 11 | |
| 4903541919 | generalist species | have a broad niche (wide range of tolerable conditions) | 12 | |
| 4903545557 | specialist species | have a narrow niche (very narrow range of conditions it can tolerate) | 13 | |
| 4903549863 | native species | species that evolved in a particular place | 14 | |
| 4903553476 | nonnative species | can be introduced deliberately or accidentally (most introductions are beneficial, although some can be harmful) | 15 | |
| 4903561217 | indicator species | species that are particularly sensitive to environmental changes (ex: trout species, Panamanian golden frog) | 16 | |
| 4903569185 | keystone species | play a critical role in an ecosystem and help to maintain balance in the ecosystem (ex: sea otters in monterey bay controlling the sea urchin population) | 17 | |
| 4903583067 | foundation species | perform a critical role in their ecosystem by physically changing their habitat (ex: beavers) | 18 | |
| 4903591928 | trophic Cascades | *when a keystone species (top predator) is removed from an ecosystem, a domino effect can occur *the removal of the predator upsets the populations of the lower trophic levels and sets the ecosystem out of balance DISRUPTIONS TO ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR WHEN A WHEN A TOP PREDATOR IS REMOVED OR ADDED (ex: wolves reintroduced into Yellowstone) | 19 | |
| 4913407429 | competition | when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, light, or space | 20 | |
| 4913413339 | predation | when a member of one species (the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species | 21 | |
| 4913421446 | parasitism | when one organism (the parasite) feeds on the body of, or the energy used by, another organism (the host), usually by living in or on the host | 22 | |
| 4913430142 | mutualism | an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource | 23 | |
| 4913436058 | commensalism | an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other | 24 | |
| 4913444839 | coevolution | when populations of two different species interact (in a predation-like way) over a such long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other species (ex: the prey becomes more elusive, the predator becomes more skilled at hunting) | 25 | |
| 4913465198 | competitive exclusion principle | two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant | 26 | |
| 4913474449 | resource partitioning | occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places |  | 27 |
| 4973588946 | Insolation | the amount of solar radiation reaching surface at a particular location | 28 | |
| 4973588947 | Relative Humidity | the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the air's capacity to hold it *the warmer the air is, the higher its capacity for moisture* | 29 | |
| 4973588948 | ecotones | transition zones between biomes | 30 | |
| 4973597725 | rainshadow | occurs when a mountain range prevents moisture from reaching inland areas |  | 31 |
| 4996145320 | ecological succession | process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more complex communities; GRADUAL CHANGE IN THE SPECIES STRUCTURE OVER TIME | 32 | |
| 4996159045 | primary succession | ecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms |  | 33 |
| 4996165845 | secondary succession | ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil or bottom sediment has not been destroyed |  | 34 |
| 4996188555 | resilience | ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance | 35 | |
| 4996199421 | inertia/persistence | ability to survive distubances | 36 | |
| 4996224174 | latitudinal diversity graident | there are more species at the equator and fewer species at the poles | 37 | |
| 4996238175 | The Area Effect | larger islands are easier to find by colonizing species, have more niches, and can support large population sizes | 38 | |
| 4996318038 | The Distance Effect | closer islands are easier for more species to colonize | 39 | |
| 4996339908 | Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography | a balance between species colonizing the island vs species becoming extinct on islands | 40 | |
| 4996373181 | Coriolis Effect | a phenomenon that causes fluids, like water and air to curve as they travel across or above the Earth's surface NH- to the right SH- to the left |  | 41 |
| 4996374720 | Ekman Spiral | wind travels perpendicular to the net water transport, causing the surface current to to curve at a 45 degree angle. each layer of water gets slightly less energy from the wind than the layer above it. (net movement of 90 degrees to the direction of the wind) | 42 | |
| 4996392483 | upwelling | movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to the ocean's surface. It can occur far from shore but usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas where the surface layer of ocean water is pushed away from shore and replaced by cold, nutrient-rich bottom water. *winds blowing parallel to the shore, which causes offshore transport* |  | 43 |
| 4996598021 | mutation | a random change in DNA molecules making up genes that can alter anatomy, physiology, or behavior of offspring | 44 | |
| 4996612708 | adaptation | any genetically controlled structural or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. It usually results from a beneficial mutation | 45 | |
| 4996659742 | genetic resistance | the ability of one or more organisms in a population to tolerate a chemical designed to kill it. |  | 46 |
| 4996669764 | extirpation | The disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally (LOCAL EXTINCTION) | 47 | |
| 4996690271 | species richness | the number of species in a community | 48 | |
| 4996702571 | permafrost | underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 consecutive years. It keeps melted snow from soaking into the ground. | 49 | |
| 4996748310 | thermohaline circulation (density circulation) | Movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity. As ocean water freezes at the poles it concentrates salt, and the colder, denser water sinks. *without it, the overall global temperatures will be warmer* GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF WATER, SHAPED BY DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY | 50 | |
| 4996750851 | teleconnections | impacts that occur a great distance apart | 51 | |
| 4996753251 | jet stream | a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere | 52 | |
| 4996784859 | Biomes |  | 53 | |
| 5002122222 | walker circulation | East-West pattern of circulation at the equator that wraps around the entire globe at the equator causing air to rise and sink. helps explain why rainforests don't everywhere at the equator | 54 | |
| 4996814571 | Species Area Relationship | the larger area you sample, the more species you will find The relationship between the size of an island and the number of inhabitants. As the size of the island increase, the number of species increases. | 55 | |
| 5002774971 | biomes |  | 56 | |
| 5002834516 | cold desert | cold temps, little precipitation, little vegetation, occurs at 30 degrees N and S(?) | 57 | |
| 5002873140 | tundra | cold temps, medium precipitation, permafrost (underground soil), little vegetation, 90 degrees | 58 | |
| 5002894803 | taiga | cold temps, heavy precipitation, evergreens, very acidic soil (nutrient poor soil) (????????????), 60 degrees | 59 | |
| 5002924863 | temperate desert | high summer temps, low winter temps, average precipitation, 30 degrees | 60 | |
| 5002962487 | tropical desert | hot and dry most of the year (?????????), 30 degrees | 61 | |
| 5002965656 | temperate grassland | cold winters, hot summers, sparse rain deep fertile soil | 62 | |
| 5002983815 | savanna | warm temps year round, alternating wet seasons | 63 | |
| 5003010786 | chapparal | slightly longer winter rainy season, wet, soil is thin and not very fertile | 64 | |
| 5003026403 | tropical rainforest | hot temperatures, high precipitation, low quality soil, 0 degrees | 65 | |
| 5003132940 | temperature deciduous forest | moderate temperatures, long warm summers, chilly winters, abundant rainfall | 66 | |
| 5003529260 | Ekman Transport | the net movement of water at 90 degrees to the direction of the wind | 67 |
