Terms : Hide Images
| 271790831 | bedouin | Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam. (p. 279) | 0 | |
| 271790832 | shaykhs | Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. (p. 281) | 1 | |
| 271790833 | Mecca | City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam. (p. 281) | 2 | |
| 271790834 | Medina | Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra). (p. 281) | 3 | |
| 271790835 | Umayyad | Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. (p. 281) | 4 | |
| 271790836 | Ka'ba | Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam. (p. 281) | 5 | |
| 271790837 | Quran (Koran) | Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam. (p. 277) | 6 | |
| 271790838 | umma | Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity. (p. 286) | 7 | |
| 271790839 | zakat | Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims. (p. 286) | 8 | |
| 271790840 | five pillars of Islam | Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage | 9 | |
| 271790841 | caliph | The political and religious successor to Muhammad. (p. 288) | 10 | |
| 271790842 | Ali | Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'is. (p. 285) | 11 | |
| 271790843 | greater jihad | a personal spiritual struggle for self-improvement and against evil | 12 | |
| 271790844 | lesser jihad | holy war for cause of Allah | 13 | |
| 271790845 | Mu'awiya | Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayya[[adot]]d caliph following civil war with Ali. (p. 290) | 14 | |
| 271790846 | Sunnis | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of the Umayyads. (p. 290) | 15 | |
| 271790847 | Shi'is | Political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali. (p. 290) | 16 | |
| 271790848 | Karbala | Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'i resistance to Umayyad caliphate. (p. 290) | 17 | |
| 271790849 | mawali | Non-Arab converts to Islam. (p. 291) | 18 | |
| 271790850 | jizya | Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories. (p. 291) | 19 | |
| 271790851 | dhimmi | Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus. (p. 291) | 20 | |
| 271790852 | Abbasid | Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 c.e. (p. 295) | 21 | |
| 271790853 | wazir | Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire. (p. 295) | 22 | |
| 271790854 | ayan | The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule. (p. 298) | 23 |
