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| 271805208 | Harun al-Rashid | Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession. (p. 307) | 0 | |
| 271805209 | Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century. (p. 310) | 1 | |
| 271805210 | Crusades | Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy. (pp. 310, 382) | 2 | |
| 271805211 | Saladin | Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. (p. 310) | 3 | |
| 271805212 | Ibn Khaldun | A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations-strong, weak, dissolute. (pp. 95, 311) | 4 | |
| 271805213 | Rubiyat | composed of four lines; Persian poetry; famous | 5 | |
| 271805214 | Shah-Nama | Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests. (p. 313) | 6 | |
| 271805215 | al-Biruni | 11th-century scientist; calculated the specific weight of major minerals. | 7 | |
| 271805216 | ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking. (p. 315) | 8 | |
| 271805217 | Sufis | Mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia. (p. 315) | 9 | |
| 271805218 | 'Arabic' (Indian) numerals | Actually an Indian system of numerical notation transported by Arabs to West; central to two scientific revolutions. (p. 302) | 10 | |
| 271805219 | Qutb-ud-din Aibak | Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of India. (p. 322) | 11 | |
| 271805220 | sati | Ritual in India of immolating surviving widows with the bodies of their deceased husbands. (p. 323) | 12 | |
| 271805221 | bhaktic cults | Groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Shiva and Vishnu. (p. 324) | 13 | |
| 271805222 | Malacca | Fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands. (p. 326) | 14 | |
| 271805223 | stateless societies | African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states. (p. 333) | 15 | |
| 271805224 | Maghrib | The Arabic word for western North Africa. (p. 334) | 16 | |
| 271805225 | Ethiopian kingdom (Ethiopia) | A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa. (p. 335) | 17 | |
| 271805226 | Sahel | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara; a point of exchange between the forests to the south and North Africa. (p. 336) | 18 | |
| 271805227 | Sudanic states | Kingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region; based at Takrur on the Senegal River to the west and Gao on the Niger River to the east; included Mali and Songhay. (p.336) | 19 | |
| 271805228 | Mali | Empire centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers; creation of Malinke peoples; broke away from control of Ghana in 13th century. (p. 336) | 20 | |
| 271805229 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university. (p. 339) | 21 | |
| 271805230 | Songhay | Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (1464-1492). (p. 340) | 22 | |
| 271805231 | Zanj | Arab name for "land of the blacks" or east coast of Africa. (pp. 298) | 23 | |
| 271805232 | East African trading ports | Urbanized commercial centers sharing common Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language and other cultural traits; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, and Zanzibar. (p. 342) | 24 | |
| 271805233 | Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. (p. 337) | 25 | |
| 271805234 | Yoruba | City-states developed in northern Nigeria c. 1200 c.e.; Ile-Ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture; agricultural societies supported by peasantry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy. (pp. 203, 346) | 26 | |
| 271805235 | Benin | A large and powerful kingdom of West Africa near the coast (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; remained an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. (p. 347) | 27 | |
| 271805236 | Kongo Kingdom | Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. (p. 348) | 28 | |
| 271805237 | Great Zimbabwe | Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa. (p. 342) | 29 |
