Terms : Hide Images
| 260088360 | Middle Ages | The period in western European history from the decline and fall of the Roman Empire until the 15th century. (p. 396) | 0 | |
| 260088361 | Vikings | Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark and Norway that disrupted coastal areas of western Europe from the 8th to the 11th centuries. (p. 376) | 1 | |
| 260088362 | serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages. (p. 376) | 2 | |
| 260088363 | holy Roman emperors | Emperors in northern Italy and Germany following split of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor c. 10th century; failed to develop centralized monarchy in Germany. (p. 378) | 3 | |
| 260088364 | feudalism | The social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords in return for military service. (p. 380) | 4 | |
| 260088365 | vassals | Members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty. (p. 380) | 5 | |
| 260088366 | Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy. (p. 381) | 6 | |
| 260088367 | Hundred Years' War | Conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453; fought over lands England possessed in France and feudal rights versus the emerging claims of national states. (p. 382) | 7 | |
| 260088368 | Pope Urban II | Called First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims. (p. 382) | 8 | |
| 260088369 | scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems. (p. 386) | 9 | |
| 260088370 | Hanseatic League | An organization of cities in northern Germany for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. (p.390) | 10 | |
| 260088371 | guilds | Sworn associations of people in the same business or trade in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities. (p. 391) | 11 | |
| 260088372 | Black Death | Plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure. (p. 395) | 12 | |
| 260088373 | Justinian | Eastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 c.e.; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law. (p. 355) | 13 | |
| 260088374 | Hagia Sophia | New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian. (p. 355) | 14 | |
| 260088375 | Body of Civil Law | Justinian's codification of Roman law; reconciled Roman edicts and decisions; comprehensive system made Roman law coherent basis for political and economic life. (p. 355) | 15 | |
| 260088376 | icons | Images of religious figures that became objects of veneration within Christianity of the Byzantine Empire; particularly prevalent in Eastern monasticism. (p. 361) | 16 | |
| 260088377 | iconoclasm | Religious controversy within the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons; literally "breaking of images"; after long struggle, icon veneration was restored. (p. 361) | 17 | |
| 260088378 | Kiev | Trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century. (p. 366) | 18 | |
| 260088379 | Russian Orthodoxy | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments. (p. 366) | 19 | |
| 260088380 | boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe. (p. 714) | 20 | |
| 260088381 | Tatars (Tartars) | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact. (p. 368) | 21 | |
| 271793277 | Manzikert | Battle when Saljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine forces in 1071 C.E. | 22 |
