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| 7977137760 | Silk Roads | the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations | 0 | |
| 7977137761 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. | 1 | |
| 7977137762 | Indian Ocean trading network | The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included exchange of goods also ideas and crops. |  | 2 |
| 7977137763 | Angkor Wat | Hindu then Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. |  | 3 |
| 7977137764 | Swahili civilization | an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements |  | 4 |
| 7977137765 | Great Zimbabwe | City whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 5 | |
| 7977137766 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | Capitalizing on new Saharan trade these monarchies were established trading gold for salt and slaves |  | 6 |
| 7977137767 | Trans-Saharan slave trade | A fairly small-scale trade exporting West African slaves across the Sahara as household servants in Islamic North Africa | 7 | |
| 7977137768 | Sui dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China |  | 8 |
| 7977137769 | Tang dynasty | 618-907 CE. Dynasty that had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confucianism education system. Trained strong armies to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam. |  | 9 |
| 7977137770 | Song dynasty | 960 - 1279 AD. Dynasty that had important inventions such as magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia; paper money, gun powder; |  | 10 |
| 7977137771 | Hangzhou | Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million. |  | 11 |
| 7977137772 | foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. |  | 12 |
| 7977137773 | tribute system | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required payment | 13 | |
| 7977137774 | Xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses to ward off these 'barbarians,' |  | 14 |
| 7977137775 | Khitan | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century | 15 | |
| 7977137776 | Silla Dynasty | Korean dynasty that resisted Tang for first time. Respected China, studied Buddhism/Confucianism | 16 | |
| 7977137777 | bushido | "the way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death |  | 17 |
| 7977137778 | Chinese Buddhism | Entered China from India through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society. | 18 | |
| 7977137779 | Quran | The holy book of Islam | 19 | |
| 7977137780 | umma | The community of all Muslims. Innovation where traditionally kinship rather than faith determined membership in a community. | 20 | |
| 7977137781 | Pillars of Islam | The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible). | 21 | |
| 7977137782 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam |  | 22 |
| 7977137783 | sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 23 | |
| 7977137784 | jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 24 | |
| 7977137785 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 25 | |
| 7977137786 | Umayyad Caliphate | (661-750 CE) Islamic; established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Southwest Asia, and Persia; had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. |  | 26 |
| 7977137787 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) Islamic; after the Umayyads; focused on administration rather than conquering; bureaucracy any Muslim could be a part of. |  | 27 |
| 7977137788 | Sufism | A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; |  | 28 |
| 7977137789 | al-Ghazali | Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama | 29 | |
| 7977137790 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. Wrote account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. |  | 30 |
| 7977137791 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning |  | 31 |
| 7977137792 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). Extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. |  | 32 |
| 7977137793 | al-Anadalus | Muslim kingdom in southern Spain, established in 756 | 33 | |
| 7977137794 | madrassas | Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century | 34 | |
| 7977137795 | House of Wisdom | Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s. |  | 35 |
| 7977137796 | Nubian Christianity | Christianity was introduced by traders and missionaries. Preserved Christianity for 600 years. | 36 | |
| 7977137797 | Ethiopian Christianity | Christian island surrounded by Muslims sea; focused on banishing of evil spirits and amulets. |  | 37 |
| 7977137798 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire;survived after the fall of the Western Empire; capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. |  | 38 |
| 7977137799 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 39 | |
| 7977137800 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D.; reconquered territory previously ruled by Rome, initiated a building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code |  | 40 |
| 7977137801 | caesarpapism | a political-religious system where the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire) | 41 | |
| 7977137802 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and development of the Byzantine Empire; Church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople | 42 | |
| 7977137803 | icons | A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches. | 43 | |
| 7977137804 | Kievan Rus | Monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. Ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from surrounding lands | 44 | |
| 7977137805 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through military conquests established the Carolingian Empire; all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. | 45 | |
| 7977137806 | Holy Roman Empire | A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. So decentralized it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. | 46 | |
| 7977137807 | Roman Catholic church | One of three major branches of Christianity; arose out of division of the Roman empire in the Western portion; pope is the head | 47 | |
| 7977137808 | Western Christendom | On the margins of world history for most postclassical era; Removed from world trade routes; Geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange; | 48 | |
| 7977137809 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. These brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. |  | 49 |
| 7977137810 | pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. | 50 | |
| 7977137811 | Turks | 6th-10th centuries C.E.; Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East; cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium; conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries and diffused it throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia. | 51 | |
| 7977137812 | Temujin | leader of the largest Mongol clans; he united them all; receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler) | 52 | |
| 7977137813 | the Mongol world | Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries; 50-year period conquests across Eurasia that created Mongol; Subjected huge populations to rule; Military strength allowed for rapid conquest; created interactions between diverse groups; diffused technology, culture, political and economic systems |  | 53 |
| 7977137814 | Yuan Dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats. | 54 | |
| 7977137815 | Kublai Khan | (1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China. | 55 | |
| 7977137816 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 56 | |
| 7977137817 | Kipchak Khanate | Name given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as the "Khanate of the Golden Horde." |  | 57 |
| 7977137818 | Timur | Sometimes known as Tamerlane, Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. Empire included Persia. | 58 | |
| 7977137819 | European Renaissance | a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism | 59 | |
| 7977137820 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, it was based at Istanbul Encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |  | 60 |
| 7977137821 | Seizure of Constantinople | Fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium | 61 | |
| 7977137822 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. | 62 | |
| 7977137823 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. |  | 63 |
| 7977137824 | Bantu Migration | Causes spread of agriculture in Africa, spread of iron metallurgy, population growth and spread of the Bantu Language | 64 | |
| 7977137825 | Vikings | Norse raiders who terrorized Europe due to their own lack of resources; advanced ship technology; helped spread culture; kept Europe decentralized | 65 | |
| 7977137826 | Technological Diffusion Examples | magnetic compass; crops (fast growing rice, cotton, sugercane); horse collar; three field system; gunpowder | 66 | |
| 7977137827 | Marco Polo | Venetian merchant traveler who spent 20 years in China and wrote about his travels is a widely popular book | 67 | |
| 7977137828 | Chinese influence on Japan | Buddhism; bureaucracy; trade; Social Structure | 68 | |
| 7977137829 | Syncretism | combining of different beliefs (religions); ex. Ethiopian Christianity, | 69 |
