Terms : Hide Images
| 12354431688 | Silk Road | the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations |  | 0 |
| 12354431689 | Black Death | The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. |  | 1 |
| 12354431690 | Indian Ocean trading network | The world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops. |  | 2 |
| 12354431691 | Srivijaya | A Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. |  | 3 |
| 12354431692 | Angkor Wat | This place was first a Hindu (dedicated to the god Vishnu), then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. |  | 4 |
| 12354431693 | Swahili civilization | an East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements |  | 5 |
| 12354431694 | Great Zimbabwe | City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. | 6 | |
| 12354431695 | Ghana, Mali, Songhay | Capitalizing on the new Trans-Saharan trade routes, these kingdoms were established trading gold for salt and slaves |  | 7 |
| 12354431696 | Trans-Saharan slave trade | A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade. | 8 | |
| 12354431697 | pochteca | Special merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items | 9 | |
| 12354431698 | Sui dynasty | The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China |  | 10 |
| 12354431699 | Tang dynasty | 618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam. |  | 11 |
| 12354431700 | Song dynasty | During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings |  | 12 |
| 12354431701 | foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household. |  | 13 |
| 12354431702 | tribute system | Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable). | 14 | |
| 12354431703 | Xiongnu | A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168) |  | 15 |
| 12354431704 | Hangul | Korean written alphabet | 16 | |
| 12354431705 | Chinese Buddhism | China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th century. This belief system entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E but only became popular between 300-800 C.E through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, it suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society. | 17 | |
| 12354431706 | Quran | The holy book of Islam | 18 | |
| 12354431707 | umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 19 | |
| 12354431708 | Pillars of Islam | The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible). | 20 | |
| 12354431709 | hijra | The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam |  | 21 |
| 12354431710 | sharia | Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life | 22 | |
| 12354431711 | jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion | 23 | |
| 12354431712 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 24 | |
| 12354431713 | Umayyad Caliphate | (661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it. |  | 25 |
| 12354431714 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of. |  | 26 |
| 12354431715 | Sufism | A branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam |  | 27 |
| 12354431716 | Ibn Battuta | (1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period. |  | 28 |
| 12354431717 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning |  | 29 |
| 12354431718 | Mansa Musa | Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. |  | 30 |
| 12354431719 | madrassas | Formal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century | 31 | |
| 12354431720 | Byzantine Empire | (330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine. |  | 32 |
| 12354431721 | Constantinople | A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul | 33 | |
| 12354431722 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code |  | 34 |
| 12354431723 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | Eastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople | 35 | |
| 12354431724 | icons | A painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches. | 36 | |
| 12354431725 | Prince Vladimir of Kiev | converted to Orthodox Christianity, and allowed Byzantine influence in his realm | 37 | |
| 12354431726 | Kievan Rus | A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine | 38 | |
| 12354431727 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. |  | 39 |
| 12354431728 | Holy Roman Empire | A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe. |  | 40 |
| 12354431729 | Roman Catholic church | One of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split. | 41 | |
| 12354431730 | Western Christendom | Western Europe was on the margins of world history for most of the postclassical millennium; It was far removed from the growing world trade routes; European geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange; | 42 | |
| 12354431731 | Crusades | Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. They brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. |  | 43 |
| 12354431732 | pastoralism | A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter. | 44 | |
| 12354431733 | Turks | 6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey) | 45 | |
| 12354431734 | Temujin | leader of the largest Mongol clans; he unites them all(plans to conquer Asia); and receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler) | 46 | |
| 12354431735 | the Mongol world | Eurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of conquests across Eurasia that created an empire •Subjected huge populations to their rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Their rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems |  | 47 |
| 12354431736 | Yuan Dynasty | (1279-1368 CE) The dynasty of Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top then Persian bureaucrats finally Chinese bureaucrats. | 48 | |
| 12354431737 | Kublai Khan | (1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China. | 49 | |
| 12354431738 | Hulegu | Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257 | 50 | |
| 12354431739 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. |  | 51 |
| 12354431740 | European Renaissance | a "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism | 52 | |
| 12354431741 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. |  | 53 |
| 12354431742 | Ottoman Empire | Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. |  | 54 |
| 12354431743 | seizure of Constantinople | The city fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium | 55 | |
| 12354431744 | Safavid Empire | Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. |  | 56 |
| 12354431745 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. | 57 | |
| 12354431746 | Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus. | 58 | |
| 12354431747 | Malacca | Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center. |  | 59 |
| 12354431748 | Aztec Empire | 1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments. |  | 60 |
| 12354431749 | Inca Empire | (1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. The most powerful people of Andean America. |  | 61 |
| 12354431750 | Mecca | the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace; Muslims must make pilgrimage to here |  | 62 |
| 12354431751 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. |  | 63 |
| 12354431752 | Muslim | A follower of Islam; one who submits |  | 64 |
| 12354431753 | Islam | a religion based on the teachings of Muhammad; Submission to the will of God |  | 65 |
| 12354431754 | Medina | a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammad preached | 66 | |
| 12354431755 | caliphate | the rule or reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler. |  | 67 |
| 12354431756 | Shi'ites | Muslims that believe that only direct descendants of Muhammad should become caliph |  | 68 |
| 12354431757 | Sunni | a branch of Islam that regards the first four successors of Muhammad as his rightful successors; Followers of Muhammad's example |  | 69 |
| 12354431758 | Mamluks | Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire | 70 | |
| 12354431759 | Hadith | The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad. |  | 71 |
| 12354431760 | medieval | referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times; period between Rome and the Renaissance |  | 72 |
| 12354431761 | schism | permanent division in a church |  | 73 |
| 12354431762 | manor | a lord's estate in feudal Europe |  | 74 |
| 12354431763 | serf | A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord |  | 75 |
| 12354431764 | fief | land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service |  | 76 |
| 12354431765 | vassal | A lord, or knight, who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord |  | 77 |
| 12354431766 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. |  | 78 |
| 12354431767 | investiture controversy | struggle between popes and kings regarding control of church offices and appointments |  | 79 |
| 12354431768 | monasticism | practice of living the life of a monk |  | 80 |
| 12354431769 | horse collar | leather collar that rests around horses shoulders; allowed to carry more weight |  | 81 |
| 12354431770 | Uighurs | Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE |  | 82 |
| 12354431771 | Tibet | home of the Dalai Lama; spiritual guide in Mahayana Buddhism |  | 83 |
| 12354431772 | junk | Chinese merchant ship |  | 84 |
| 12354431773 | gunpowder | invented by the Chinese-used for weapons and fireworks |  | 85 |
| 12354431774 | neo-Confucianism | a new form of the ideas of the philosopher Confucius; included Buddhist and Daoist beliefs |  | 86 |
| 12354431775 | Zen | the practice of meditation; a school of Buddhism in Japan |  | 87 |
| 12354431776 | movable type | individual characters that can be arranged to create a printing job and then be used over again |  | 88 |
| 12354431777 | Koryo | Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. | 89 | |
| 12354431778 | Fujiwara | Aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the 9th and 12th centuries | 90 | |
| 12354431779 | Kamakura Shogunate | The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). |  | 91 |
| 12354431780 | Champa Rice | drought resistant crop, a gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase |  | 92 |
| 12354431781 | Teotihuacan | "The Place of the Gods"; first planned city in the Americas in the Valley of Mexico |  | 93 |
| 12354431782 | chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. |  | 94 |
| 12354431783 | Maya | Ancient people of Mesoamerica, particularly the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico |  | 95 |
| 12354431784 | Toltecs | A group of American Indian people that flourished in Mexico before the Aztecs |  | 96 |
| 12354431785 | Tenochtitlan | The captial city of the Aztecs. |  | 97 |
| 12354431786 | Anasazi | An early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest; cliff dwellers |  | 98 |
| 12354431787 | chiefdom | a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs | 99 | |
| 12354431788 | quipu | Incan record keeping system using knots and beads on rope |  | 100 |
| 12354431789 | ayllu | Andean lineage group or kin-based community. |  | 101 |
| 12354431790 | mit'a | mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire |  | 102 |
| 12354431791 | Moche | Culture that flourished along the northern coast of Peru from around A.D. 100 to A.D. 700 |  | 103 |
| 12354431792 | Genghis Khan | One of the Mongol's greatest leaders and founder of the Mongol Empire. |  | 104 |
| 12354431793 | Il-khan | a khanate expanding through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran, |  | 105 |
| 12354431794 | Golden Horde | A famous horde of the Mongol Empire that conquered the region of modern-day Russia. |  | 106 |
| 12354431795 | Timur | Turkic warrior, efforts to restore Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India |  | 107 |
| 12354431796 | tsar | The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar. |  | 108 |
| 12354431797 | kamikaze | "divine wind" in Japan; blew the Mongols away from invading Japan | 109 | |
| 12354431798 | Monsoon | rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern monsoon blows, bringing heavy rains |  | 110 |
| 12354431799 | Dehli Sultanate | (1206-1526) Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. |  | 111 |
| 12354431800 | dhow | a ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean. |  | 112 |
| 12354431801 | Urdu | the official literary language of Pakistan, mix of Persian and Hindu writing | 113 | |
| 12354431802 | Latin West | territories of Europe that practiced Christianity and used the Latin language | 114 | |
| 12354431803 | three-field system | farmland divided into three equal-sized fields, in which crops were rotated; developed in medieval Europe |  | 115 |
| 12354431804 | water wheel | Mechanism in which flowing water turns a wheel to grind grain or power machinery | 116 | |
| 12354431805 | Hanseatic League | a group of Northern German cities and towns that worked together to promote and protect trade |  | 117 |
| 12354431806 | guild | A medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. |  | 118 |
| 12354431807 | gothic cathedral | Stained glass windows, flying buttresses, and high arches are all parts of this style |  | 119 |
| 12354431808 | scholasticism | in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief |  | 120 |
| 12354431809 | humanists | European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities |  | 121 |
| 12354431810 | printing press | device that mechanically printed pages by pressing inked forms onto paper, invented around 1440; invented by Johann Gutenberg | 122 | |
| 12354431811 | Great Western Schism | the period form 1378-1417 when two men claimed to be pope at the same time in known as the |  | 123 |
| 12354431812 | Hundred Years War | Conflict between England and France that establishes each as a unified country (1337-1453) |  | 124 |
| 12354431813 | new monarchies | the reestablished states of Spain, England and France after the Hundred Years' War |  | 125 |
| 12354431814 | reconquest of Iberia | military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states (Spain and Portugal) to recapture territory taken by the Muslims |  | 126 |
| 12354431815 | bananas | like rice in China, this food crop led to an increase in the Africa population | 127 | |
| 12354431816 | flying cash | a paper currency developed in China that can be considered the first banknote, it made trade easier since merchants did not have to carry around coins | 128 |
