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Unit 3 600-1450 AP World History Flashcards

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7762060082Silk Roadsthe most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations0
7762060083Black DeathThe common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.1
7762060084Indian Ocean trading networkThe world's largest sea-based system of comunication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.2
7762060085SrivijayaA Malay kingdom that dominated the Straits of Malacca between 600 and 1075 CE. A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes.3
7762060086BorobrodurBuddhist temple on the island of Java that is a primary example of Indian ocean trade causing cultural diffusion.4
7762060087Angkor WatThis place was first a Hindu (dedicated to the god Vishnu), then subsequently a Buddhist, temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world.5
7762060088Swahili civilizationan East African civilization that emerged in the 8th century ce from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements6
7762060089Great ZimbabweCity, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.7
7762060090Sand roadsThe system of roads that led across the Sahara desert in Africa.8
7762060091Ghana, Mali, SonghayCapitalizing on these new saharan trades Ghana mali and Songhay monarchies were established trading gold for salt and slaves9
7762060092Trans-Saharan slave tradeA fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade.10
7762060093American webA term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-Columbian Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas.11
7762060094pochtecaSpecial merchant class in Aztec society, specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items12
7762060095Sui dynastyThe short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China13
7762060096Tang dynasty618-907 CE. Much like the Han using Confucianism. had the equal field system, a bureaucracy based on merit and a Confuciansim education system. Trained strong armies of almost a million troops to fight off nomadic powers from Asia. Made story cultural influence over Korea and Vietnam.14
7762060097Song dynastyDuring this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings15
7762060098HangzhouCapital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.16
7762060099economic revolutionEconomic development of Song; mass production for trade; equal field system17
7762060100foot bindingPractice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.18
7762060101tribute systemChinese method of dealing with foreign lands and people's that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute --produce of value from their countries--to the Chinese emperor(although the Chines gifts given in return were often much more valuable).19
7762060102XiongnuA confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)20
7762060103KhitanNomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century21
7762060104JurchenFounders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south.22
7762060105Silla DynastyKorean dynasty that resisted Tang for first time. Respected China, performed kowtow, ritual bow to Chinese emperor. Studied Buddhism/Confucianism23
7762060106hanguiKorean written alphabet24
7762060107chu noma style of writing adapted from China to Vietnam. It became the basis for the development of an independent national literature.25
7762060108Shotoku TaishiWho: Prince of Japan. What: Borrowed heavily from China: writing and art (kana and ink on silk), architecture (pagoda), well-field system, etc. Also wrote the 17 point constitution. When: 573-621. Where: Japan. Why: Made changes that greatly influenced Japan and were around for centuries.26
7762060109bushido"the way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death27
7762060110Chinese BuddhismChina's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the 20th century. Buddhism entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E but only became popular between 300-800 C.E through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, Buddhism suffered persecution during the 9th century but continued to play a role in Chinese society.28
7762060111Emperor Wendia Chinese general, who secured his Emperor position by killing 59 princes of the Zhou royal house, and founded the Sui Dynasty. Presented himself as a Buddhist Cakravartin King, that is, a monarch who uses military force to defend the Buddhist faith.29
7762060112QuranThe holy book of Islam30
7762060113ummaThe community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.31
7762060114Pillars of IslamThe five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially possible).32
7762060115hijraThe Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam33
7762060116shariaBody of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life34
7762060117jizyatax paid by Christians and Jews who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion35
7762060118ulamaMuslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.36
7762060119Umayyad Caliphate(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.37
7762060120Abbasid Caliphate(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.38
7762060121SufismA branch of Islam, defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion, the expression of which flowered within Islam39
7762060122al-GhazaliBrilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama40
7762060123Sikhismthe doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam41
7762060124Ibn Battuta(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.42
7762060125TimbuktuMali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning43
7762060126Mansa MusaRuler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.44
7762060127al-AnadalusMuslim kingdom in southern Spain, established in 75645
7762060128madrassasFormal colleges for higher institutions in the teaching of Islam as well as in secular subjects founded throughout the Islamic world in beginning in the 11th century46
7762060129House of WisdomCombination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established in the 800s.47
7762060130Ibn SinnaHe was one of the most famous doctors of all times. He read the works of Hippocrates and Galen and improved them, by adding more accurate descriptions. He also created anatomical charts using newly invented surgical tools. His text "Cannon of Medicine" (aka "Code of Laws in Medicine") was reference source for doctors for hundreds of years following his death.48
7762060131Nubian ChristianityChristianity was introduced by traders and missionaries. Preserved Christianity for 600 years.49
7762060132NestorianTheological position of Nestorius, who allegedly taught that there are two complete natures and thus two persons, human and divine, in Jesus Christ; rejected by the Council of Ephesus (431), which taught that human nature and divine nature are united in the one person of Christ.50
7762060133Ethiopian Christianity (aka Coptic church)Rulers of axum had adopted Christianity. Christian island in a Muslim sea protected by its moutanous geography and distance from major centers of islamic power. Also helped muhammad's followers be safe. This isolation made it develop a fascination with judaism and jerusalem. Justified their rule through a connection with Solomon as a descendent of jesus. Tried to create a new jerusalem51
7762060134Byzantine Empire(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.52
7762060135ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul53
7762060136JustinianByzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code54
7762060137caesarpapisma political-religious system where the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire)55
7762060138Eastern Orthodox ChristianityEastern branch of Christianity that evolved following the division of the Roman Empire and the subsequent development of the Byzantine Empire in the east and the medieval European society in the west. The church recognized the primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople56
7762060139iconsA painting of Christ or another holy figure, used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches.57
7762060140Prince Vladimir of Kievconverted to Orthodox Christianity, and allowed Byzantine influence in his realm58
7762060141Kievan RusA monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine59
7762060142CharlemagneKing of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.60
7762060143Holy Roman EmpireA medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.61
7762060144Roman Catholic churchOne of three major branches of Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major divisions of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman empire into four governmental regions. In 1054 CE Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox, centered in Constantinople, and the ______ ______ ______, centered in Rome, split.62
7762060145Western ChristendomWestern Europe was on the margins of world history for most of the postclassical millennium; It was far removed from the growing world trade routes; European geography made political unity difficult; Coastlines and river systems facilitated internal exchange;63
7762060146Cecilia PenifaderThe book "A Medieval Life" by Judith Bennett is written about her. She lived from 1295-1344. Cecilia was a peasant, and her actions were exceptionally well documented in the courts of Brigstock. She amassed a substantial amount of wealth and land. Unmarried and childless, she lived as a singlewoman in Brigstock and remained close to her brothers and sisters throughout her life.64
7762060147CrusadesArmed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.65
7762060148pastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.66
7762060149Modunleader of the Xiongnu Empires (r. 210-174 BCE) that transformed egalitarian fragmented societies into a more centralized and hierarchical political system with a divinely sanctioned ruler.67
7762060150Turks6th-10th centuries C.E. •Pastoral ethnic group that originated in northern Eurasia and spread into Central Asia and the Middle East •Had significant cultural and political interactions with China, Persia, Byzantium •Conversion to Islam 10th-14th centuries •Diffused Islam throughout Middle East, India, Anatolia(Turkey)68
7762060151Almoravid EmpireFounded in the 11th century by Muslim reformers. Its members came from a Berber group living in the western Sahara in what is today Mauritania. The movement began after devout Berber Muslims made a hajj.69
7762060152Temujinleader of the largest Mongol clans; he unites them all(plans to conquer Asia); and receives title Genghis Khan(universal ruler)70
7762060153the Mongol worldEurasia, 13th-15th centuries •50-year period of Mongol conquests across Eurasia that created the Mongol empire •Subjected huge populations to Mongol rule •Military strength allowed for rapid conquest •Mongol rule created interactions between diverse groups •Served to diffuse technology, culture, political and economic systems71
7762060154Yuan Dynasty(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.72
7762060155Kublai Khan(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.73
7762060156HuleguRuler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 125774
7762060157Khutulunmost famous daughter of Kaidu and the niece of Kublai Khan. Her father was most pleased by her abilities, and she accompanied him on military campaigns. Never married because no man could defeat her. wrestler princes75
7762060158Kipchak KhanateName given to Russia by the Mongols after they conquered it and incorporated it into the Mongol Empire in the mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as the "Khanate of the Golden Horde."76
7762060159Paleolithic Persistencepre-1492 life in much of the Americas(especially North America); characterized by living a simple primitive lifestyle, without entering into large settlements or the iron age77
7762060160IgboNigeria's third largest group who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. This group has many conflicts with the Yoruba and at one point they tried to become a independent nation.78
7762060161IroquoisA later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests79
7762060162TimurSometimes known as Tamerlane, this was the Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His empire included Persia (Iran) and many surrounding lands. He is the great great grandfather of Babur. who later founds the Mughal Empire in India.80
7762060163FulbeWest Africa's largest pastoral society, whose members gradually adopted Islam and took on a religious leadership role that lead to the creation of a number of new states.81
7762060164Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.82
7762060165European Renaissancea "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy is the period 1350-1500 and included Greek learning and growing secularism83
7762060166Zheng HeAn imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.84
7762060167Ottoman EmpireIslamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.85
7762060168seizure of ConstantinopleConstantinople fell to army of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, marking end of Christian Byzantium86
7762060169Safavid EmpireTurkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.87
7762060170Songhay EmpireA state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history.88
7762060171Mughal EmpireMuslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.89
7762060172MalaccaPort city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka.90
7762060173Aztec Empire1325-1500 CE. Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico. Forced defeated people to provide goods and labor as tax. At its best had complex myth and religious traditions and reached amazing architectural and artistic accomplishments.91
7762060174Inca Empire(1450-1572 CE), Largest Empire ever built in South America; territory extended 2,500 miles from north to south and embraced almost all of modern Peru, most of Ecuador, much of Bolivia, and parts of Chile and Argentina; maintained effective control from the early 15th century until the coming of Europeans in the early 16th century. As the most powerful people of Andean America, the Inca dominated Andean society until the coming of Europeans; was an extremely diverse culture cause it spanned north and south rather then east and west.92

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