Key terms from the Princeton Review: Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 and AP World History: An Essential Coursebook.
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| 774553797 | caliph | a supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government | 0 | |
| 774553798 | chivalry | a code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 1 | |
| 774553799 | civil service | the group of people who carry out the work of the government, selected by an exam in China | 2 | |
| 774553800 | credit | arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services | 3 | |
| 774553801 | decentralized | governmental power is spread among more than one person or group | 4 | |
| 774553802 | dowry | money or property brought by a woman to her husband at marriage | 5 | |
| 774553803 | Eastern Orthodox | this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church | 6 | |
| 774553804 | fiefs | pieces of land given to vassals by their lord | 7 | |
| 774553805 | Garrisons | military bases on the Silk Road to protect travelers on their journey | 8 | |
| 774553806 | Gothic | relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires | 9 | |
| 774553807 | Hajj | the fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah | 10 | |
| 774553808 | heresy | a belief that rejects the orthodox tenets of a religion | 11 | |
| 774553809 | heretic | a person who holds religious beliefs in conflict with the dogma of the Roman Catholic Church | 12 | |
| 774553810 | hijab | a headscarf worn by Muslim women | 13 | |
| 774553811 | illegitimate | contrary to or forbidden by law | 14 | |
| 774553812 | infrastructure | the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area | 15 | |
| 774553813 | interaction | the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) | 16 | |
| 774553814 | Inquisition | a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy | 17 | |
| 774553815 | interrogation | formal questioning by persons in authority, especially in the church | 18 | |
| 774553816 | Islam | the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran | 19 | |
| 774553817 | literate | able to read and write | 20 | |
| 774553818 | matriarch | a female head of a family or tribe | 21 | |
| 774553819 | medieval | relating to or belonging to the Middle Ages | 22 | |
| 774553820 | meritocracy | the belief that rulers should be chosen for their superior abilities and not because of their wealth or birth | 23 | |
| 774553821 | Middle Ages | the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance | 24 | |
| 774553822 | migration | the movement of persons from one country or locality to another | 25 | |
| 774553823 | monetary system | system of coins and bills to create a standard value of wealth | 26 | |
| 774553824 | mosque | a Muslim house of worship | 27 | |
| 774553825 | Muslim | a believer or follower of Islam | 28 | |
| 774553826 | nation-state | a country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity | 29 | |
| 774553827 | orthodox | adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion | 30 | |
| 774553828 | patriarch | the male head of family or tribe | 31 | |
| 774553829 | patriarchal | male led society and household | 32 | |
| 774553830 | persecution | the abuse of a person or group because of their beliefs or appearance | 33 | |
| 774553831 | pilgrims | people on a religious journey | 34 | |
| 774553832 | pilgrimage | a journey to a sacred place | 35 | |
| 774553833 | primogeniture | right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son | 36 | |
| 774553834 | Roman Catholic | the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy | 37 | |
| 774553835 | schism | division of a group into opposing factions | 38 | |
| 774553836 | secluded | hidden from general view or use | 39 | |
| 774553837 | serfs | men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection | 40 | |
| 774553838 | submissive | willing to submit without resistance to authority | 41 | |
| 774553839 | subordinate | rank or order as less important or consider of less value | 42 | |
| 774553840 | trans-continental | spanning or crossing a continent | 43 | |
| 774553841 | tribute systems | allowed reciprocal trade under both imperial protection and imperial regulation and barred entry into this trade by those who did not participate | 44 | |
| 774553842 | Baghdad | capital city of Iraq; as heart of the Arab Empire, it was second only to Constantinople in terms of size and grandeur in 1000 C.E. | 45 | |
| 774553843 | Black Death | the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe | 46 | |
| 774553844 | Bubonic Plague | disease brought to Europe from the Mongols during the Middle Ages. It killed 1/3 of the population and helps end Feudalism. Rats, fleas. | 47 | |
| 774553845 | Chang-an | capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time. | 48 | |
| 774553846 | Constantinople | previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. | 49 | |
| 774553847 | Crusades | a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims | 50 | |
| 774553848 | Empress Wu | the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty. | 51 | |
| 774553849 | European feudalism | was made up of a king, the next level was church officials and nobles, then knights, peasants, finally merchants | 52 | |
| 774553850 | Japanese feudalism | emperor (has no real power) -> shogun (has the real power) - hereditary -> daimyo (the lower nobles under the shogun) -> samurai (knights) | 53 | |
| 774553851 | foot-binding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household | 54 | |
| 774553852 | Franks | a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s | 55 | |
| 774553853 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks who conquered much of Western Europe, great patron of leterature and learning | 56 | |
| 774553854 | Ghengis Khan | Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness. | 57 | |
| 774553855 | Hanseatic League | an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. | 58 | |
| 774553856 | Hundred Years War | the series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. | 59 | |
| 774553857 | Code of Justinian | compilation of the complex system of Roman laws; became the system of laws for the Byzantine Empire | 60 | |
| 774553858 | Magna Carta | the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215 | 61 | |
| 774553859 | Mansa Musa | this Mali king brought Mali to its peak of power and wealth from 1312 the 1337; he was the most powerful king in west Africa | 62 | |
| 774553860 | neo-Confucianism | a philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements | 63 | |
| 774553861 | sacking of Constantinople | 1453; sacked becuse it was the most logical place to rule. Mehmet the conqueror; Solidly Christian; considered a huge blow to western Christianity | 64 | |
| 774553862 | St. Cyril | a missionary in the 9th century who invented an alphabet for the Slavic language | 65 | |
| 774553863 | cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages | 66 | |
| 774553864 | Schism in Christianity | the medieval division between Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church | 67 | |
| 774553865 | schism in Islam | the Shia / Sunni split which occurred in the decades immediately following the death of the Prophet Mohammed in 632 | 68 | |
| 774553866 | Shintoism | the ancient indigenous religion of Japan lacking formal dogma | 69 | |
| 774553867 | Timbuktu | Mali trading city that became a center of wealth and learning | 70 | |
| 774553868 | Tenochitlan | Aztec capital city (now the site of Mexico City) | 71 | |
| 774553869 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 72 | |
| 774553870 | Abu Bakr | first caliph after death of Muhammad | 73 | |
| 774553871 | animism | the doctrine that all natural objects and the universe itself have souls | 74 | |
| 774553872 | Bedouins | small groups of nomadic people in Arabia | 75 | |
| 774553873 | Black Stone | meteorite placed in shrine (Ka'ba) in Mecca, Muslims pay homage to it | 76 | |
| 774553874 | caliphate | the territorial jurisdiction of a caliph | 77 | |
| 774553875 | Five Pillars of Faith | five steps to take to become less evil, part of the Islam religion; affirmation, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and pilgrimage | 78 | |
| 774553876 | "golden age" | period of great cultural achievement | 79 | |
| 774553877 | hadith | (Islam) a tradition based on reports of the sayings and activities of Muhammad and his companions | 80 | |
| 774553878 | harem | living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household | 81 | |
| 774553879 | jihad | Islamic holy war | 82 | |
| 774553880 | jinns | desert spirits (associated w/ demonic shaitans) | 83 | |
| 774553881 | Ka'ba | the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth | 84 | |
| 774553882 | madrasas | Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century. | 85 | |
| 774553883 | minaret | the tower attached to a mosque from which the muezzin, or crier, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day | 86 | |
| 774553884 | Muhammad | the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632) | 87 | |
| 774553885 | The Night Journey | Muhammad's supreme mystical experience, woken by Gabriel, went to heaven and saw prophets, told by Allah to pray five times a day | 88 | |
| 774553886 | People of the Book | what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god | 89 | |
| 774553887 | Qur'an | the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | 90 | |
| 774553888 | Seal of the Prophets | Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah. | 91 | |
| 774553889 | Seljuk Turks | nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader | 92 | |
| 774553890 | shari'a | the code of law derived from the Koran and from the teachings and example of Mohammed | 93 | |
| 774553891 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali | 94 | |
| 774553892 | Sunni | a member of the branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad | 95 | |
| 774553893 | Sufis | a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life | 96 | |
| 774553894 | sultan | the ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire) | 97 | |
| 774553895 | The Thousand and One Nights | a popular Muslim literature that included collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends | 98 | |
| 774553896 | ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 99 | |
| 774553897 | Umayyad Dynasty | established by Muawiya, moved capital from Medina to Damascus, that action split Islam (Shi'ites & Sunnites) | 100 | |
| 774553898 | umma | the Muslim community or people, considered to extend from Mauritania to Pakistan | 101 | |
| 774553899 | vizier | a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries | 102 | |
| 774553900 | barter | exchange goods without involving money | 103 | |
| 774553901 | Benedictine Rule | a collection of rules or guidelines for monks and monasteries; named for Benedict of Nursia; widely used in Europe in the Middle Ages | 104 | |
| 774553902 | Byzantine Empire | empire that grew from the eastern part of the former Roman Empire; lasted until around 1400 | 105 | |
| 774553903 | caesaropapism | the dual role of the state and leader of the church in which a temporal ruler extends his own powers to theological and ecclesiastical matters | 106 | |
| 774553904 | canon law | the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals | 107 | |
| 774553905 | Carolingian family | a group of Frankish nobles that took control of the Frankish empire | 108 | |
| 774553906 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 109 | |
| 774553907 | excommunication | the act of banishing a member of the Church from the communion of believers and the privileges of the Church | 110 | |
| 774553908 | interdict | an ecclesiastical censure by the Roman Catholic Church withdrawing certain sacraments and Christian burial from a person or all persons in a particular district | 111 | |
| 774553909 | ghettos | sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live. | 112 | |
| 774553910 | guilds | an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 113 | |
| 774553911 | Hagia Sophia | the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian | 114 | |
| 774553912 | Holy Roman Empire | loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 115 | |
| 774553913 | Justinian | Byzantine emperor who held the eastern frontier of his empire against the Persians | 116 | |
| 774553914 | manorialism | economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land. | 117 | |
| 774553915 | missi dominici | agents of Emperor Charlemagne who traveled throughout the empire to check the condition of the roads, listen to grievances, and see that justice was done | 118 | |
| 774553916 | pogroms | organized violence against Jews | 119 | |
| 774553917 | Renaissance | the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world | 120 | |
| 774553918 | Saladin | (1137-1193) powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem | 121 | |
| 774553919 | Sassanid Empire | the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years. | 122 | |
| 774553920 | scholasticism | a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 123 | |
| 774553921 | Theodora | the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt. | 124 | |
| 774553922 | usury | the act of lending money at an exorbitant rate of interest | 125 | |
| 774553923 | vernacular languages | everyday speech that varies from place to place | 126 | |
| 774553924 | Vikings | one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. | 127 | |
| 774553925 | ayllus | in Incan society, a clan or community that worked together on projects required by the ruler | 128 | |
| 774553926 | Aztecs | also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. | 129 | |
| 774553927 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 130 | |
| 774553928 | chinampas | floating farming islands made by the Aztec | 131 | |
| 774553929 | classical Mesoamerica | period of the Mayan and the Teotihuacan, low population, simple government. | 132 | |
| 774553931 | Inca | a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s | 133 | |
| 774553932 | khipus | recording devices used in the incan empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region | 134 | |
| 774553933 | Maya | extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar | 135 | |
| 774553934 | mit'a | Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. | 136 | |
| 774553935 | Moche | civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 137 | |
| 774553936 | Quechua | Andean society also known as the Inca | 138 | |
| 774553937 | Quetzalcoatl | an Aztec deity represented as a plumed serpent | 139 | |
| 774553938 | slash and burn agriculture | a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land | 140 | |
| 774553939 | stelae | large memorial pillars to commemorate triumphs and events in the lives of Maya rulers. | 141 | |
| 774553940 | Teotihuacan | first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". | 142 | |
| 774553941 | Toltecs | powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. | 143 | |
| 774553942 | Topiltzin | most influential Toltec leader; dedicated to the god Quetzalcoatl | 144 | |
| 774553943 | bakufu | military-style government of the Japanese shogun | 145 | |
| 774553944 | Du Fu | a famous chinese poet who wrote "spring landscape" and his poems were base on the suffering of his own life | 146 | |
| 774553945 | equal fields system | equal land distribution, certain amt. of land after death of family member re distributed (for $), allowed for more revenue (want peasants to invest in civil service exam) | 147 | |
| 774553946 | Fujiwara family | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power | 148 | |
| 774553947 | hegemony | the domination of one state over its allies | 149 | |
| 774553948 | Heian Era | high level of culture and learning, court structure and court intrigue, Imperial families and their courts, women and male roles in Japan | 150 | |
| 774553949 | Il-Khan | a khanate expanding through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and Iran, | 151 | |
| 774553950 | Jagadai | khanate situated between all other 3 khanates, most famous ruler was Timur, who expanded this khanate by conquering India and attempting to capture China as well | 152 | |
| 774553951 | Khanate of the Golden Horde | the Mongol empire, that, after the fall of Kiev, ruled all of southern Russia for 200 years | 153 | |
| 774553952 | Khanate of the Great Khan | also known as the Yuan dynasty, included Mongolia and China | 154 | |
| 774553953 | Koryo Dynasty | ruled Korea from the late 9th century to 1892 | 155 | |
| 774553954 | kowtow | a Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission | 156 | |
| 774553955 | Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 | 157 | |
| 774553956 | Li Bo | most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings. | 158 | |
| 774553957 | Liao Empire | 916-1121. Mongolia and Northern China. Ceramics, painting, armies (cavalry and seize craft). 1110- Song made alliance with Jurchens (neighbors). Song took over. | 159 | |
| 774553958 | Mencius | major follower of Confucius; stressed that humans were essentially good and that governments required the consent of their subjects. | 160 | |
| 774553959 | "The Middle Kingdom" | Chinese belief that they were the center of the world | 161 | |
| 774553960 | Ming Dynasty | succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 162 | |
| 774553961 | Alexander Nevskii | prince of Novgorod; submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 | 163 | |
| 774553962 | Osman | most successful warrior and "founder" of Ottomans | 164 | |
| 774553963 | Ottoman Turks | Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire that lasted from about 1300 to 1922. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. | 165 | |
| 774553964 | Pax Mongolica | era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire | 166 | |
| 774553965 | samurai | a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy | 167 | |
| 774553966 | shogun | the head of the military government of Japan in the era of the samurai | 168 | |
| 774553967 | Silla Dynasty | the dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE. | 169 | |
| 774553968 | Song Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 960 to 1279; noted for art and literature and philosophy | 170 | |
| 774553969 | Sui Dynasty | the short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China | 171 | |
| 774553970 | The Tale of Genji | written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society. | 172 | |
| 774553971 | Tang Dynasty | dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria | 173 | |
| 774553972 | Temujin | birth name of the Mongol leader better known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227) | 174 | |
| 774553973 | Uighurs | Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in eighth century CE | 175 | |
| 774553974 | Xi Xia Empire | kingdom of the Tangut people that was north of Song kingdom in mid-11th century that collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry | 176 | |
| 774553975 | Yuan Dynasty | dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1279-1368) | 177 | |
| 774553976 | Africanity | perceived unity of the sub-Saharan cultures. | 178 | |
| 774553977 | communal cities | - sameness - represent the culture around them - move native to the city - homogenous with a sense of purpose (ex. agriculture) - lots of these in Europe | 179 | |
| 774553978 | convergent cities | - people from all over make up the cities - Indian Ocean area - combine under the goal of trade - seen in China and the Islamic world | 180 | |
| 774553979 | Delhi Sultanate | centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. | 181 | |
| 774553980 | Ghana | the first West African kingdom based on the gold and salt trade | 182 | |
| 774553981 | Great Zimbabwe | in southeastern Africa the Shona people established this city which grew into an empire built on the gold trade. By 1450, this city was mysteriously abandoned. | 183 | |
| 774553982 | griots | a west African storyteller | 184 | |
| 774553983 | Hausa | a group of people named after the language they spoke. They first emerged in what is today northern Nigeria between 1000 and 1200. | 185 | |
| 774553984 | Ibn Battuta | Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. | 186 | |
| 774553985 | Mali | empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. | 187 | |
| 774553986 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324) | 188 | |
| 774553987 | Songhai | a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591 | 189 | |
| 774553988 | stateless society | a group of independent villages organized into clans and led by a local ruler or clan head without any central government | 190 | |
| 774553989 | Sundiata | the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes | 191 | |
| 774553990 | Swahili Coast | East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' | 192 | |
| 774577670 | postclassical Mesoamerica | era of Aztecs | 193 |
