1800-1848: vocab terms from period overview by Ms. Kezios & other terms from AMSCO book
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| 8035849240 | Marbury v. Madison / Midnight Judges Scandal | -Jefferson resented that the Federalists were still in control of the federal courts so he ordered Secretary of State, James Madison to not deliver the commissions to those Federalist Judges. -William Marbury, a federalist judge, sued for his commission. -This case went to the Supreme Court in 1803. -Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act of 1789. -However, it was also ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave to the Court greater power than the Constitution allowed, therefore the law was unconstitutional and Marbury would not receive his commission. | 0 | |
| 8035849241 | Judicial Review | -After the ruling the Judiciary Law as unconstitutional John Marshall established this doctrine. -Stated that the supreme court would exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress or of the president was allowed by the Constitution. -The Supreme Court could now overrule actions of the other two branches of the federal court. | 1 | |
| 8035849242 | John Marshall | -Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; appointed during the final months of Adams' presidency. -held his post for 34 years. -created the doctrine of judicial review. -deemed the Judiciary Law unconstitutional. -resented by Thomas Jefferson. | 2 | |
| 8035849243 | States Theory of Governing / Limited Central Government | The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority. | 3 | |
| 8035849244 | Republican Motherhood | suggested that women would be responsible for raising/ educating their children to be virtuous citizens of the new American republic | 4 | |
| 8035849245 | Louisiana Purchase | -Napoleon Bonaparte secretly forced Spain to give the Louisiana Territory back to France. -Bonaparte became distracted by the resources needed to fight England as well as the rebellion against the french on the island of Saint Domingo. -1802, Spanish closed New Orleans port and this troubled jefferson because as long as foreign power controlled the river at New Orleans, the United States risked entanglement in European affairs. -Jefferson sent ministers to France with instructions to offer up to $10 million for both New Orleans and a strip of land extending from that port eastward to Florida. -Napoleon's ministers, seeking funds for a war against Britain, offered to sell not only New Orleans but also the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. -this purchase increased Jefferson's popularity and showed the Federalists to be weak seeing as Jefferson's hopes for the country were based on an agrarian society of independent farmers rather than an urban and industrial society. | 5 | |
| 8035849246 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | -Jefferson persuaded Congresse to fund a scientific exploration of the trans-Mississippi West to be led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark. -Benefits of the expedition include greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, stronger U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers. | 6 | |
| 8035849247 | Barbary Pirates | -states on the North African Coast. -to keep U.S. merchant ships from being seized by Barbary Pirates, Presidents Washington and Adams had agreed to pay a tribute to the Barbary governments. -Because the Barbary government of Tripoli demanded for a higher tribute, Jefferson refused to pay and sent a small fleet of the U.S. Navy to the Mediterranean. -Sporadic fighting with Tripoli lasted for 4 years (1801-1805). -Navy gained respect and fighting offered a measure of protection to U.S. vessels trading in Mediterranean Waters. | 7 | |
| 8035849248 | Embargo Act of 1807 | -prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port in order to avoid war. -It was hoped that because the U.S. was Britian's largest trading partner, they would stop violating the rights of neutral nations in order to not lose U.S. trade. -Instead, Britain substituted supplies from South America for U.S. goods. -this act had a devastating effect on the U.S. economy, especially for the merchant marine and shipbuilders of New England. -because of this act, a movement developed in NE for the states to secede from the Union. -Jefferson called for its repeal in 1809. -Even after repeal, U.S. ships could trade legally with all nations except Britain and France. | 8 | |
| 8035849249 | 1808 Slave Trade Agreement | The international slave trade was abolished in 1808 after Thomas Jefferson had signed a bill that prohibited the importation of of slaves into the United States on March 3, 1807, which went into effect on January 1, 1808, and the British House of Lords passed an act that abolished the slave trade in Britain. | 9 | |
| 8035849250 | Battle of Tippecanoe | -In an effort to defend their lands from further encroachment, Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh, a warrior, and Prophet, a religious leader, attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi River. -Battle initiated by William Henry Harrison who destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy. | 10 | |
| 8035849251 | William Henry Harrison | -governor of the Indiana Territory -destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an Indian confederacy in the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. | 11 | |
| 8035849252 | War of 1812 | -causes of the war= continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea and troubles with the British on the western frontier. -British had seemed a cruel enemy during the American Revolution; moreover, Jeffersonian Democratic- Republicans applauded the French for having overthrown their monarchy in their own revolution. -British violations were worse than the french violations (of neutrality)m because the British navy's practice of impressing American sailors. - | 12 | |
| 8035849253 | War Hawks | -a group of new, young Democratic-Republicans elected into Congress, many of which were from the frontier states Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. -eager for war with Britain. -Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, these members of Congress argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. | 13 | |
| 8035849254 | Andrew Jackson | -general of U.S. troops in the south. -at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama, this general ended the power of an important British ally, the Creek Nation. -halted the British effort to control the Mississippi River at New Orleans and lead a force of frontier soldiers, free African Americans, and Creoles. -became a symbol of the emerging working class and middle class (so called common man). -gained fame as an Indian fighter and as hero of the Battle of New Orleans. -he went on to become a wealthy planter and slaveowner. -first president since Washington to be without a college education. -presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against abuses of power by the rich and privileged. -he opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt, as well as interpreted the powers of the Congress narrowly and vetoed many bills. -favored states-rights. | 14 | |
| 8035849255 | Battle of New Orleans | -British attempted to control the Mississippi River at New Orleans and their plans were halted by Andrew Jackson and his troops. -Jackson and his troops won this battle. -This battle was fought on January 8, 1815, two weeks after a treaty ending the war had been signed in Ghent, Belgium. | 15 | |
| 8035849256 | Hartford Convention | -radical Federalists in New England opposed both the war and the Democratic-Republican government in Washing and urged that the Constitution be amended and that, as a last resort, secession be voted upon. -Held in Hartford, Connecticut in December of 1814 in order to discuss these matters. -Delegates from the New England states rejected the radical calls for secession, however in order to limit the growing power of the Democratic-Republicans in the south and west, proposals were called for; one of them being the two-thirds vote of both houses for any future decision of war. | 16 | |
| 8035849257 | Treaty of Ghent | -American peace commissioners traveled to Ghent, Belgium, to discuss terms of peace with British diplomats. -an agreement was reached on Christmas Eve of 1814. -The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the U.S. -ratified by the Senate in 1815. -Britain made no concessions concerning impressment, blockades, or other maritime differences; thus, the war ended in stalemate with no gain for either side. | 17 | |
| 8035849258 | James Monroe | -fought in the revolutionary war -served as Jefferson's minister to Great Britain and Madison's secretary of State. -under this president, the U.S. acquired Florida, agreed on the Missouri Compromise, and adopted the Monroe Doctrine. | 18 | |
| 8035849259 | Era of Good Feelings | -a period during the Monroe years that were marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill. -still, there were heated debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales and tensions over slavery were becoming ever more apparent. | 19 | |
| 8035849260 | Missouri Compromise | -Bills proposed by Henry Clay that admitted Missouri as a slave-holding state, admitted Maine as a free state, and Prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36,30. -preserved sectional balance for more than 30 years. -signed by Monroe in March of 1820. | 20 | |
| 8035849261 | Monroe Doctrine | -A declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that warned European and Latin American powers to keep out of the Western Hemisphere and pledged that the United States would not intervene in the internal affairs of Europe. -by no means taken seriously by Europe. | 21 | |
| 8035849262 | American System/Internal Improvements/ Henry Clay | Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient. It called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, and the creation of a Second Bank of the U.S. | 22 | |
| 8035849263 | National Road | -AKA The Cumberland Road -a paved highway and major route to the west extending more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois. -Began building this highway in 1811 and was completed in the 1850s, using both federal and state money. -each state owned different segments of the highway. | 23 | |
| 8035849264 | Erie Canal | -completed in 1815 in New York State. -linked the economies of western farms and eastern cities. -inspired the development of other canals which then led to, less than a decade later, all of the major lakes and rivers east of the Mississippi being joined together by canals. -as a result food prices in the East were lower, more immigrants were settling in the West, and economic ties between the two sections (East and West) were stronger. | 24 | |
| 8035849265 | Robert Fulton/ Steamboat | -steam-powered travel beginning in 1807. -Clermont= a steamboat developed by Robert Fulton. -steamboat lines made round-trip shipping on the nation's great rivers both faster and cheaper. | 25 | |
| 8035849266 | Railroads | -First railroad lines were built in the late 1820s. -served as an alternative method for carrying passengers and freight. -improvements in transportation, such as this, rapidly changed small western towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Chicago into booming commercial centers of the expanding national economy. | 26 | |
| 8035849267 | Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin/ Interchangeable parts | -Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. -devised a system for making rifles out of interchangeable parts during the War of 1812. -Interchangeable parts became the basis for mass production methods in new northern factories, thanks to Eli Whitney. | 27 | |
| 8035849268 | Market Revolution | Expansion of the market place in the 1800s throughout early America that brought distance communities and created a national, specialized, and interdependent economy. | 28 | |
| 8035849269 | Samuel Slatter/ Factories | -established the first U.S. factory in 1791. -the embargo and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing and the protective tariffs enacted by Congress helped the new factories prosper. -in the 1820s, New England emerged as the country's leading manufacturing center as a result of the region's abundant waterpower for driving the new machinery and excellent seaports for shipping goods. -As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking and insurance. | 29 | |
| 8035849270 | Lowell System | -found workers for the factories by recruiting young farm women and housed them in company dormitories. -Many factories imitated the Lowell System by extensive use of child labor or the employment of immigrants. | 30 | |
| 8035849271 | Commonwealth v. Hunt | - a Supreme Court case in Massachusetts which ruled that "peaceful unions" had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers. | 31 | |
| 8035849272 | John Deere | -American blacksmith that invented the steel plow in 1837. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the West easier, making expansion faster. | 32 | |
| 8035849273 | Cyrus McCormick | -Developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, a machine that revolutionized farming by increasing crops yields and decreasing the number of field hands needed for the West. | 33 | |
| 8035849274 | Irish Potato Famine | -potato crop failures in the 1840s which drove nearly 2 million, most of which were tenant farmers, Irish people to immigrate to the U.S. -faced strong discrimination because of their Roman Catholic backgrounds. -often competed with African Americans for domestic work and unskilled laborer jobs. -Many Irish entered politics; gathered their fellow immigrants and joined the Democratic party, which had long traditions of anti-British feelings and support for workers. | 34 | |
| 8035849275 | Nativism | -native-born Americans who are alarmed by the influx of immigrants, fearing that the newcomers would take their jobs and also subvert the culture of the Anglo majority. -Many Nativists were often Protestants who distrusted the Roman Catholicism practiced by the Irish and many of the Germans. -opposition to immigrants led to sporadic rioting in the big cities and the organization of a secret anti foreign society, the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. | 35 | |
| 8035849276 | Know-Nothing Party | -stemmed from opposition to immigrants. -Before this group turned into a political party in the early 1850s, they were an organization known as the Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner. | 36 | |
| 8035849277 | Spoils System | -the belief that people should be appointed to federal jobs such as postmasters for example strictly according to whether that had actively campaigned for the Democratic party (in Andrew Jacksons case). -any previous holder of office who was not a Democrat was fired and replaced with a loyal Democrat. -official definition: dispensing government jobs in return for party loyalty. | 37 | |
| 8035849278 | Corrupt Bargain | -nominees= John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. -Among voters in states that counter popular votes Jackson won, but because the vote was split four ways, he lacked a majority in the electoral college as required by the Constitution. -Henry Clay used his influence in the House to provide John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts with enough votes to win the election. -Henry Clay was appointed Adam's secretary of state thus causing Jackson and his followed to charge that the decision of the voters had been foiled by secret political maneuvers. | 38 | |
| 8035849279 | Peggy Eaton Affair | -The Wife of Jackson's secretary of war; she was the target of malicious gossip by the other cabinet wives. -When Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept her social, most of the cabinet resigned. | 39 | |
| 8035849280 | Indian Removal Act | -Jackson sympathized with land-hungry citizens who were eager to take over lands held by the American Indians, so his most humane solution was to compel the American Indians to leave their traditional homelands and resettle west of the Mississippi. - In 1830, Jackson signed this act which forced the resettlement of many thousands of American Indians. -By 1835, most eastern tribes had reluctantly complied and moved west. -The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to assist the resettled tribes. | 40 | |
| 8035849281 | Worcester vs. Georgia | -a law was passed requiring the Cherokees to migrate to the West. -Cherokees challenged Georgia in court, the Supreme court ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831, that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in federal court. However, this second case was opened in which the high court ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the Cherokee territory. | 41 | |
| 8035849282 | Trail of Tears | -in 1838, after Jackson had left office, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. -The hardships of this westward travel path caused the deaths of 4,000 Cherokees. | 42 | |
| 8035849283 | Tariff of Abominations | -also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. -1828, the South Carolina legislature declared this increased tariff of 1828, to be unconstitutional. | 43 | |
| 8035849284 | John C. Calhoun | -Jackson's vice president who resigned because of the Peggy Eaton affair. -created a theory called the Nullification theory, which stated that each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void. - "The Union, next to our liberties, most dear!" | 44 | |
| 8035849285 | Henry Clay | -Jackson's chief political opponent who persuade Congress to pass a bank-recharter which renewed the Second National Bank. | 45 | |
| 8035849286 | Bank Crisis (Renewal of the Second National Bank) | -This bank received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and downs of the national economy. (President of bank = Nicholas Biddle) -bank was suspected of abusing its powers and only serving the interests of the wealthy. - Jackson believed that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. -Henry Clay persuaded congress to pass a bank-recharter bill which Jackson vetoed, denouncing it as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners at the expense of the common people and the "hydra of corruption." (voters agreed) | 46 | |
| 8035849287 | 2 Party System (Democrats vs. Whigs) | -Supporters of Jackson= Democrats, Supporters of Henry Clay = Whigs -Democratic party resembled the Republican Party of Jefferson and the Whig party resembled the defunct Federalist Party of Hamilton. -Democrats supported the issues of local rule, limited government, free trade, and opportunity for white males where as the Whigs supported the issues of the American System such as the national bank, federal funds for internal improvements, and protective tariffs. -Major concerns of the Democrats included monopolies, the national bank, high tariffs, and high land prices where as major concerns for the Whigs was strictly crime associated with immigrants. -The basis of voter support for the Democrats as the South and West, as well as urban workers, where as the Basis of Voter support for the Whigs were New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, Protestants of English heritage, and urban professionals. | 47 | |
| 8035849288 | Pet Banks | -in order to destroy the Bank of the United States, Jackson withdrew all federal funds. -Aided by Secretary of the Treasury Roger Taney, Jackson transferred the funds these various state banks. (name coined by Jackson's critics) | 48 | |
| 8035849289 | Specie Circular | -an order issues by President Jackson which required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in specie (gold or silver) rather than in paper banknotes, as a result of prices of land and various goods becoming badly inflated because of Jacksons financial policies and feverish speculation in western lands. | 49 | |
| 8035849290 | Financial Panic of 1837 | -a result of the Specie Circular which left banknotes (paper money) with absolutely no monetary value. -this financial crisis plunged the nation's economy into a depression after Jackson left office. -partially caused by Jackson's opposition to the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. | 50 | |
| 8035849291 | Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign | -Whigs were better organized than the Democratics, and had the popular war hero, William Henry Harrison, as their presidential candidate. -To symbolize Harrison's humble origins, they put log cabins on wheels and paraded them down the streets of cities and towns and also passed out hard cider for voters to drink, as well as buttons and hats to wear. -The Whigs attacked "Martin Van Ruin" as an aristocrat with a taste for foreign wines. -Old "Tippecanoe" (Harrison) and John Tyler of Virginia, a former states rights democrat who joined the Whigs, took 53 percent of the popular vote and most of the electoral votes in all three sections; North, South, and West. -This election/ campaign established the Whigs as a national party. | 51 | |
| 8035849292 | Second Great Awakening | -began as a reaction against the rationalism, belief in human reason, that had been the fashion during the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. -Evangelical preachers spoke about the opportunity for salvation to all. These populist movements seemed attuned to the democratization of American society. -In 1823, Presbyterian minister Charles G. Finney, started a series of revivals in upstate New York, where many New Englanders had settled and instead of delivering sermons based on rational argument, he appealed to peoples emotions and fear of damnation. -Finney prompted thousand to declare their revived faith and preached that every person can be saved through their faith and hard work. -Baptist and Methodist preachers activated the faith of many people who had never belonged to a church and by 1850, the Baptists and Methodists were the largest Protestant denominations in the country. -much of the religious enthusiasm of this time was based on the widespread belief that the world was about to end with the second coming of Jesus. (October 21st, 1844). | 52 | |
| 8035849293 | Mormons/ Brigham Young | -AKA The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. -founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 -Smith based his religious thinking on a book of Scripture -- the Book of Mormon. -In order to escape prosecution in the east, the Mormons under the leadership of Brigham Young migrated to the far western frontier where they established New Zion on the Bank of the Great Salt Lake. -Their practice of polygamy aroused hostility of the U.S. Government. | 53 | |
| 8035849294 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | -expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of americans by urging them not to imitate European culture but to create a distinctive American culture. -he argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones. -leading critic of slavery and ardent supporter of the Union during the Civil War. | 54 | |
| 8035849295 | Henry David Thoreau | -conducted a two year experiment of living simply in a cabin in the woods outside of town, from which he used observations of nature to discover essential truths about life and the universe. -The writings from these years spent in the woods were published in the book, Walden (1854), which prompted him to be remembered today as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist. -Wrote the essay "On Civil Disobedience" in which he argues for disobeying unjust laws in a nonviolent way while accepting the penalty for doing so. | 55 | |
| 8035849296 | Transcendentalism | -questioned the doctrines of established churches and the business of practices of the merchant class. -argued for way of thinking as a means for discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature. -suggested that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth. -valued individualism highly and viewed organized institutions as unimportant. -an idealistic, philosophical, and social movement that taught that divinity exists in all nature and each individual. | 56 | |
| 8035849297 | Utopian Communities | -consists of a group of people who are attempting to establish a new social pattern based upon a vision of the ideal society and who have withdrawn themselves from the community at large to embody that vision in experimental form. -many utopian societies were influenced by religion. -Oneida were a group of people who were striving for a perfect community and devotion to god. -examples include: shakers (kept men and women separate), the Amana Colonies (created Robert Owen, an experimental society), Oneida community (John Humphrey Notes, a community who shares property and marriage partners), Fourier Phalanxes ( | 57 | |
| 8035849298 | Temperance | -a movement that promoted total abstinence from drinking alcohol (later morphs into the prohibition movements of the 1920s). -In 1826, Protestant ministers and others concerned with drinking and its effects founded the American Temperance Society. -12 states, including Maine, prohibited the manufacturing and sale of alcohol before the Civil War. -regained strength in the 1870s with strong support from the Women's Christian Temperance Union. | 58 | |
| 8035849299 | Dorthea Dix | -A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. | 59 | |
| 8035849300 | Normal Schools | -schools that trained women how to be teachers. -came from the concept of republican motherhood. | 60 | |
| 8035849301 | Horace Mann | Argued that public schools were the best way to improve society (teach children how to behave and be appropriate citizens) -leading advocate of the common (public) school movement. -secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education. | 61 | |
| 8035849302 | Cult of Domesticity | -after industrialization men began to get jobs outside of the home and were often absent, leaving the women in these households who remained at home to take charge of the household and children. -the idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home. | 62 | |
| 8035849303 | Separate Spheres | -View that men and women have different gender-defined characteristics and that men should dominate the public sphere of politics and economics, while women should manage the private sphere of home and family. | 63 | |
| 8035849304 | Seneca Falls Convention | -July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. | 64 | |
| 8035849305 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | -a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." -led a campaign with Susan B. Anthony after the Seneca Falls Convention which stood for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women. | 65 | |
| 8035849306 | Susan B. Anthony | A woman who was an abolitionist and played a major role in the women's suffrage movement. Her and her lifelong co-worker Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded the New York Women's State Temperance Society in 1852. They founded other organizations together, both for women's rights and the abolition of slavery, and organized a newspaper called The Revolution. She got arrested for voting in 1872, and went to Congress about the issue in 1878. The 19th Amendment came about in 1920, and it was called the Anthony Amendment. | 66 | |
| 8035849307 | Declaration of Sentiments | -Similar to the Declaration of Independence in that it declared that "all men and women are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. | 67 | |
| 8035849308 | Suffrage (Male/ Female) | -Allowed all free white males to vote and hold office without having to own land or belong to a particular religious group. -Movement to get people (regardless of sex) the right to vote. | 68 | |
| 8035849309 | William Lloyd Garrison | -founder of The Liberator, which publishes articles supporting immediate abolition without compensation for the slave owners. -In 1833, this man as well as other abolitionists founded the American Antislavery Society. - burned the Constitution as a proslavery document and argued for "no Union with slaveholders". | 69 | |
| 8035849310 | Liberty Party | -a group of Northerners created this group who's campaign pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means. | 70 | |
| 8035849311 | Abolition | -a movement that promoted the permanent removal of slavery. -argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. | 71 | |
| 8035849312 | Fredrick Douglass | -former slave who becomes educated. -neighbors on the plantations wife read to him and thus inspiring him to continue us to educate himself until he got himself emancipated. -met with Abraham Lincoln on many occasions. -also pushed for women's rights. -started his The North Star journal in 1847. | 72 | |
| 8035849313 | Nat Turner | -Led a revolt in 1831 in which 55 whites were killed, in retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African Americans in a brutal fashion and put down the revolt. | 73 | |
| 8035849314 | The American Peace Society | -founded in 1828 with the objective of abolishing war; actively protested the war with mexico in 1846. | 74 | |
| 8035849315 | Gradual Emancipation | -Approach to ending slavery that called for the phasing out of slavery over a period of time; many gradual emancipation proposals were built around the granting of freedom to children of slaves who were born after a specified sate, usually when they attained a specified age; in this way, as existing slaves aged and dies, slavery would gradually die too. Many of the northern states, which abolished slavery following the American Revolution, adopted this method of ending the institution | 75 | |
| 8035849316 | Martin Van Buren | -a Democrat and member of Jackson's infamous "Kitchen Cabinet" as Secretary of State, and Vice President of his second term. Receiving support from Jackson after he left office, he became his successor and the 8th President of the United States. During his presidency, Buren dealt with the panic of 1837 and helped the country grow and expand west. | 76 |
