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| 38982202 | cabinet system | political system where heads of governmental administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state (Prime Minister). All these ministers are drawn from the majority party in the legislature (in Britain the House of Commons) and are responsible to it. | |
| 38982203 | Prime Minister | head of government in England the first Robert Walpole | |
| 38982204 | Bank of Amsterdam | 1609, Amsterdam; deposit and transfer institution (modern bank), a dutch joint-stocks bank | |
| 38982205 | Dutch East India Company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | |
| 38982210 | Joint Stock Company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | |
| 38982211 | Battle of the White Mountain | Fought near Bohemia; Big victory of Hapsburgs over the Protestant Union and allowed constitutionalism to be replaced by authoritarian government in Bohemia | |
| 38982936 | Ferdinand III | Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia who signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (1608-1657) | |
| 38982937 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, Suleiman the magnificent led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566. He was a brilliant war general and took the Ottomans on to conquer areas of eastern Europe and a much larger portion of the middle east. He improved their government substantially and assumed the role of absolute power. | |
| 38982938 | Janissary Corps | The Christian slaves of the Ottomans who were not eligible for government positions and served instead as a part of the Ottoman military | |
| 38983912 | Holy Roman Empire | Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires | |
| 38983913 | Ottoman Empire | could not maintain possessions in Eastern Europe and the Balkans in the face of Austrian and Russian expansion. Gave way to new empires | |
| 38983914 | Suleiman the Magnificent | was perhaps the most powerful ruler in the world during the 16th century. Nearly conquered Austria, captured Belgrade, nearly ½ of eastern Europe including all Balkan territories, most Hungary, and part of southern Russia | |
| 38983915 | Janissary Corps | those Christian slaves who were not selected for the Ottoman bureaucracy served loyally instead in the Turkish army | |
| 38983916 | Liberum veto | voting in Polish parliament had to be unanimous for changes to be made; thus, little could be done to systematically strengthen the kingdom | |
| 38983917 | Serfdom | Lords in Eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. Lords demanded that kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants' right of moving freely | |
| 38983918 | Robot | in certain regions, peasants were required to work 3-4 days without pay per week for their local lord | |
| 38983919 | Hapsburg Empire (Austrian Empire) | Traditionally selected as Holy Roman Emperor. Ineffective Habsburg rule in the HRE forced monarchs to turn their attention inward and westward to consolidate their diverse holdings into a strong unified state. | |
| 38983920 | Bohemia | Czech (Bohemian) nobility was wiped out during the Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War, Ferdinand II redistributed Czech lands to aristocratic soldiers form all over Europe, serf conditions declined | |
| 38983921 | Austria proper | Old hereditary provinces were centralized by Ferdinand III. Ferdinand created a permanent standing army, unprecedented fro the Hapsburg empire | |
| 38983922 | Leopold I | severely restricted Protestant worship, made the Siege of Vienna | |
| 38983923 | Siege of Vienna 1683 | Successfully repelled Turks from gates of Vienna in 1683 | |
| 38983924 | Pragmatic Sanction | Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided and henceforth to be passed intact to a single heir, meaning his daughter inherited the throne | |
| 38983925 | Prussia, Hose of Hohenzollerns | Ruler of Brandenburg was one of the 7 electors of the HRE, but was not significantly involved in the 17th century. Marriages gave Hohenzollerns control of German principalities in central and western Germany, and prince had little power over nobility | |
| 38983926 | Frederick William, the Great Elector | Calvinist, but allowed religious toleration to Catholics and Jews. Ongoing struggle between Sweden and Poland for control of Baltic after 1648 and wars of Louis XIV created atmosphere of permanent crisis. He oversaw Prussian militarism and created the most efficient army in Europe. Established Prussia as a Great Power. | |
| 38983927 | Junkers | formed the backbone of the Prussian military officer corps, nobles and landowners dominated the Estates of Brandenburg and Prussia | |
| 38983928 | King of Prussia | Frederick I, fought two wars against Louis SIV to preserve the European balance of power | |
| 38983929 | Frederick William I, the Soldiers' King | liked tall people as soldiers. Infused militarism into all of Prussian society. Became known as Sparta of the North. Nearly doubled size of army, making it the best army in Europe. Established promotions based on merit, ad some commoners were able to rise to positions of power | |
| 38983930 | Muscovy | began to emerge as the most significant principality that formed the nucleus of what later became Russia. | |
| 38983931 | Boyars | Russian nobles that made it difficult for Muscovite rulers to strengthen the state | |
| 38983932 | Ivan III, the Great | ended Mongol domination of Muscovy, Established himself as the hereditary ruler of Muscovy | |
| 38983933 | Third Rome | this was in response to the fall of the Byzantine Empire and Ivan Great's desire to make Moscow the new center of the Orthodox Church | |
| 38983934 | Ivan IV, the Terrible | took title of tsar. Began westernizing Muscovy by encouraging trade with England and the Netherlands. For 25 years, he fought unsuccessful wars against Poland-Lithuania. Reduces power of boyars. | |
| 38983935 | Cossacks | many peasants fled the west to the newly-conquered Muscovite territories in the east and formed free groups and outlaw armies. | |
| 38983936 | Time of Troubles | : followed Ivan IV's death in 1584. period of famine, power struggles and war, Sweden and Poland conquered Moscow | |
| 38983937 | Michael Romanov | favored nobles in return for their support, expanded Russian empire to the Pacific Ocean in the Far East, fought several unsuccessful wars against Swede, Poland and the Ottoman Empire | |
| 38983938 | Old Believers | of the Orthodox Church resisted influx of new religious sects from the west. In protest, 20,000 burned themselves to death in over 20 years | |
| 38983939 | Peter the Great | nearly 7 feet tall. 75% of the national budget was spent on the military by the end of Peter's reign. Made all young male nobles leave home and serve 5 years of compulsory education. He imported to Russia substantial numbers of western technicians and draftsmen to aid tin the building of large factories | |
| 38983940 | Strelski | Revolt of the Strelski put down by Peter in 1698 Moscow guards had overthrown previous leaders. | |
| 38983941 | Great Northern War | Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea | |
| 38983942 | Table of Ranks | set educational standards for civil servants, Peter sought to replace old Boyar nobility with new service-based nobility loyal to the tsar | |
| 38983943 | St. Petersburg | Sought to create a city similar to Amsterdam and the Winter Palace with grandeur of Versailles. Became the capital of Russia. Merchants and artisans ordered to live in the city and help build it. Peasants conscripted for heavy labor in the city's construction, heavy death toll |
