study for ap world history
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| 125471191 | hajj | Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca | 0 | |
| 125471192 | scholar gentry | elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov't pf China | 1 | |
| 125471193 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities | 2 | |
| 125471194 | Mansa Musa | African prince from Mali who gave out so much gold during a pilgrimage it devalued | 3 | |
| 125471195 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler/trader who commented on African traveling security, cities | 4 | |
| 125471196 | calligraphy | writing art form | 5 | |
| 125471197 | monochrome | Either black or white | 6 | |
| 125471198 | footbinding as metaphor | The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered | 7 | |
| 125471199 | interregnum | The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor | 8 | |
| 125471200 | shogun | Japanese lord who wielded most power while the emperor was controlled | 9 | |
| 125471201 | puppet emperor | Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power | 10 | |
| 125471202 | Taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor | 11 | |
| 125471203 | uji | An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (for example, the Fujiwara, the Taira) | 12 | |
| 125471204 | warlordism | A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it | 13 | |
| 125471205 | imperial bureaucracy | system to run centralized gov't, comprised of educated scholar-gentry | 14 | |
| 125471206 | Muhammad | Prophet who spread the Islamic religion. Born in 570, received revelations from Allah in 610, before passing away in 630 | 15 | |
| 125471207 | caliph | Political, religious and militaristic leader of Islam | 16 | |
| 125471208 | Ali | The fourth caliph or successor of Muhammad. He was also the Prophet's cousin. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims as the rightful first caliph | 17 | |
| 125471209 | Yuan dynasty | 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China | 18 | |
| 125471210 | junk | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders. Played major roles in the Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula | 19 | |
| 125471211 | compass | Device used to determine geographic direction | 20 | |
| 125471212 | abacus | A calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods | 21 | |
| 125471213 | movable type | invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century | 22 | |
| 125471214 | landscape painting | Popular artistic style in China during the Tang-Song era. Previously popular Buddhist themes are pushed away by the new scholar-gentry classes interest in nature's beauty | 23 | |
| 125471215 | currency-based economy | Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy | 24 | |
| 125471216 | new strains of rice | new strains of rice - led to population growth in Asia | 25 | |
| 125471217 | Prince Shotoku | Prince of Japan. When young, received Buddhist influences from relatives that were affected by Paekche and Kokuryo Buddhisms. Established an official rank system (based on Chinese and Korean official rank system) and a constitution (stressed the acceptable behaviors of the people) and spread Buddhism around Japan | 26 | |
| 125471218 | Yamato clan | Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE | 27 | |
| 125471219 | compatibility of Chinese values | Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side, C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need | 28 | |
| 125471220 | sedentary agriculture | Where farming occurs in one place, repeatedly, opposed to shifting cultivation | 29 | |
| 125471221 | shifting cultivation | When farming occurs over several patches of land, rotatingly so that nutrients of the soil will not be depleted | 30 | |
| 125471222 | pastoral nomadism | Herding animals while moving from place to place | 31 | |
| 125471223 | foraging | Gathering food, usually nuts, berries, roots, etc | 32 | |
| 125471224 | feudalism | Relationship between lord and serfs where protection is exchanged for crops/labor | 33 | |
| 125471225 | manorialism | Organization of rural economy and society by three classes of manors: a lord's own land, serf holdings, and free peasant land | 34 | |
| 125471226 | fiefs | Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms | 35 | |
| 125471227 | vassals | Subordinate who, in exchange for land, gives loyalty | 36 | |
| 125471228 | reciprocal relationship | System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor | 37 | |
| 125471229 | samurai | Japanese feudal military leaders, rough equivalent of Western knights | 38 | |
| 125471230 | nation-states | Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language | 39 | |
| 125471231 | absolute despotism | Where the ruler has complete authority/power | 40 | |
| 125471232 | William the Conqueror | Duke of Normandy who invaded England in 1066 and conquered it | 41 | |
| 125471233 | jury system | Judgment whereby there is a trial and people witnessing the trial deciding the guilt/innocence of a person | 42 | |
| 125471234 | King John | Younger brother of King Richard, & bad king of England basically | 43 | |
| 125471235 | Magna Carta | Nobles fed up with King John made him sign Great Charter (Magna Carta) that made sure king got approval of aristocracy before imposing taxes, etc, limited king's power | 44 | |
| 125471236 | Parliament | Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body | 45 | |
| 125471237 | power of the purse | the power to raise and spend money | 46 | |
| 125471238 | Hugh Capets | After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility | 47 | |
| 125471239 | Sundiata | "Lion prince"; member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died in 1260 | 48 | |
| 125471240 | Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River | 49 | |
| 125471241 | Louis IX | Louis IX or Saint Louis,1214-70, king of France (1226-70), son and successor of Louis VIII | 50 | |
| 125471242 | centralized monarchy | a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power | 51 | |
| 125471243 | Renaissance | Cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy 1400 CE, rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; combined art and literature with more secular views | 52 | |
| 125471244 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 53 | |
| 125471245 | Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles | 54 | |
| 125471246 | Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar | 55 | |
| 125471247 | humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular to the study of ancient languages | 56 | |
| 125471248 | scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophy approach; base in the schools and universities; use of logic to resolve theological problems | 57 | |
| 125471249 | Byzantine Empire | Easter half of the Roman Empire following collapse of western half of the old empire; retained Mediterranean culture; capital at Constantinople | 58 | |
| 125471250 | iconoclastic controversy | religious controversy with the Byzantine Empire in the 8th century; emperor attempted to suppress veneration of icons | 59 | |
| 125471251 | clergy | Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion | 60 | |
| 125471252 | Avignon | In France, Avignon's architecture is marked by papal history. Where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century | 61 | |
| 125471253 | Reformation | religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs | 62 | |
| 125471254 | Counter-reformation | The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism | 63 | |
| 125471255 | Charlemagne | king of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor; conqueror of the Lombards and Saxons (742-814) | 64 | |
| 125471256 | Eleanor of Aquitaine | queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204) | 65 | |
| 125471257 | Humanists | The focus on humankind as the center o intellectual and artistic endeavor | 66 | |
| 125471258 | Vikings | A culture originating in Scandinavia (now Norway, Denmark and Sweden) around the mid-8th century AD The Vikings were fierce conquerors, brave explorers, and skilled craftspeople; they invaded and settled countries throughout Western Europe | 67 | |
| 125471259 | Code of chivalry | The collective term for the social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages. It was based on brave, courteous and honourable behaviour - what came to be known as 'gentlemanly conduct.' | 68 | |
| 125471260 | Code of the samurai | Also called bushi-do, which literally means "road of the warrior."; Based on principles of loyalty, courage and honor | 69 | |
| 125471261 | Demesne land | The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use and not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs worked the demesne for a specified numbers of days a week | 70 | |
| 125471262 | Guilds | Western European trade associations, grew strongly in the 12th and 13th centuries to protect and promote trade groups | 71 | |
| 125471263 | Gothic architecture | A style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries; characterized by slender vertical piers and counterbalancing buttresses and by vaulting and pointed arches | 72 | |
| 125471264 | Hanseatic League | a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669 | 73 | |
| 125471265 | Interdict | A prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons, groups, communities and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church | 74 | |
| 125471266 | Inquisition | An investigation or inquiry of an official or judicial nature; in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Catholic church conducted rigorous tribunals of Inquisition to identify and suppress heresy and punish heretics. These were especially severe in Spain with the inquisition of Jews in the late- 15th century | 75 | |
| 125471267 | Monasticism, importance of | Monasticism is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ | 76 | |
| 125471268 | Northern Renaissance | Flemish, dutch art focus | 77 | |
| 125471269 | High Renaissance | later period of the Renaissance, Italy big, Hellenistic influence | 78 | |
| 125471270 | Papal States | group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 - 1870 | 79 | |
| 125471271 | Russian Orthodox Church | conservative branch of Christianity that developed in Russia with Byyzantine cue | 80 | |
| 125471272 | Perspective in art | development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective | 81 | |
| 125471273 | Villein | one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord | 82 | |
| 125471274 | Seljuk Turks | major branch of the Oghuz turks, ruled parts of central asia and middle east (11-14 centuries) | 83 | |
| 125471275 | Ottoman Turks | ethnic subdivision of Turkish ppl, who dominated ruling class of the ottoman empire | 84 | |
| 125471276 | sultan | Islamic title, used for rulers of the muslim country | 85 | |
| 125471277 | Crusade | series of military campaigns, where roman catholics tried to capture "holy land" from muslims, some were in Europe | 86 | |
| 125471278 | Bantun | term used to describe 400 diff enthnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages) | 87 | |
| 125471279 | Zimbabwe | country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass | 88 | |
| 125471280 | Mamluks | Arabic word for "owned", slave soldiers used by muslim caliphs and the ottoman empire | 89 | |
| 125471281 | Tatars | name applied to the Turkic ppl of eastern Europe and central asia, derived from Ta-ta a Mongolian tribe that inhabited present northeast Mongolia in 5th centrury AD | 90 | |
| 125471282 | Genghis Khan | successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the mongol empire (1206-1368) | 91 | |
| 125471283 | khanates | region ruled under a khan, divided kingdoms under the mongol empire | 92 | |
| 125471284 | Golden Horde | a state established in Russia, one of the four kingdoms in the mongol empire | 93 | |
| 125471285 | Khazars | nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire | 94 | |
| 125471286 | Kievan Russia | early east Slavic state, dominated by city of kiev | 95 | |
| 125471287 | city-states | a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory | 96 | |
| 125471288 | national identity | distinguishing features of a group, to individual's sense to belong in it | 97 | |
| 125471289 | Balkan Peninsula | geographic name used to describe southern Europe, as it was surrounded by the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean...seas from southwest , south and southeast | 98 | |
| 125471290 | steppes | a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia | 99 | |
| 125471291 | bubonic plague | A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols | 100 | |
| 125471292 | Black Death | Also known as the Black Plague that wiped out approximately 25 million people in Europe, or 25% of it's population | 101 | |
| 125471293 | Bosporus | a narrow strait separating European and Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea; also an important trade route | 102 | |
| 125471294 | Dardanelles | a straight connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara | 103 | |
| 125471295 | Mesoamerica | known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada, where the native Americans have inhabited over time | 104 | |
| 125471296 | Maya | A native American group of people that lived in Central America | 105 | |
| 125471297 | Toltecs | a member of a Nahuatl-speaking people of central and southern Mexico whose empire flourished from the 10th century under invasion by the Aztes in the 12th Century | 106 | |
| 125471298 | Quetzalcoatl | A god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, one of the manifestation of the sun god Tezcatlipoca and represented as a plumed serpent | 107 | |
| 125471299 | priest-scholars | the higher class people of the native American societies, that controlled the government along with the grand leader | 108 | |
| 125471300 | differentiated labor | labor shared amongst the peasant class | 109 | |
| 125471301 | ceremonial centers | Temples, places of Sacrifice | 110 | |
| 125471302 | moundsbuilders | in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt | 111 | |
| 125471303 | pyramids | A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet a common point, a religious burial temple | 112 | |
| 125471304 | Inca | A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest | 113 | |
| 125471305 | Hillside terracing | method growing rice in bulk | 114 | |
| 125471306 | Quipu | A record-keeping device of the Inca empire consisting of a series of variously colored strings attached to a base rope and knotted so as to encode information, used especially for accounting purposes | 115 | |
| 125471307 | tribute | The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land | 116 | |
| 125471308 | Tula | capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE | 117 | |
| 125471309 | Aztec Empire | powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico) | 118 | |
| 125471310 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer who defeated the Aztec Empire and brought most of Mexico under Spanish control | 119 | |
| 125471311 | Montezuma | emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish | 120 | |
| 125471312 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquerer who defeated the Incan Empire of Peru from 1535-1540 | 121 | |
| 125471313 | Atahualpa | the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire | 122 | |
| 125471314 | Cuzco | capital city of the Incan Empire | 123 | |
| 125471315 | Teotihuacan | city founded by the Aztecs in 1325 | 124 | |
| 125471316 | Acculturation | the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people | 125 | |
| 125471317 | Calpulli | Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 126 | |
| 125471318 | Despotism | a system of government where a single authority rules with absolute power | 127 | |
| 125471319 | bakufu | military government established by the Minamoto, a powerful Japanese clan in 1185 | 128 | |
| 125471320 | bushi | Japanese warrior leaders tasked with law and order, public infrastructure, tax collection, and organizing an army | 129 | |
| 125471321 | bushido | Japanese warrior code of conduct, similar to the chivalry system in Europe | 130 | |
| 125471322 | celadon | Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze | 131 | |
| 125471323 | daimyo | Warlord rulers who divided Japan into 300 little kingdoms | 132 | |
| 125471324 | Gempei Wars | five year war fought between two of Japan's powerful families, the Taira and the Minamoto | 133 | |
| 125471325 | kowtow | formal recognition of the Chinese emperor's authority, where representatives from tribute states would present gifts and engage in a formal bowing ceremony | 134 | |
| 125471326 | Neo-Confucianism | a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism | 135 | |
| 125471327 | seppuku | ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor | 136 | |
| 125471328 | tea ceremony | Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility | 137 | |
| 125471329 | Allah | Muslim God | 138 | |
| 125471330 | Battle of Tours | (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain | 139 | |
| 125471331 | Five Pillars | religious duties of Muslims (confession of faith, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, hajj) | 140 | |
| 125471332 | harem | living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household | 141 | |
| 125471333 | hijrah | Mohammad's flight from Mecca to Medina | 142 | |
| 125471334 | Ka'aba | Islamic shrine in Mecca; focus of annual truce among Bedouin tribes | 143 | |
| 125471335 | People of the Book | (dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims, could be taxed by Muslims | 144 | |
| 125471336 | Ramadan | Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset | 145 | |
| 125471337 | shariah | Islamic law | 146 | |
| 125471338 | umma | community of the faithful within Islam; creating political unity | 147 | |
| 125471339 | zakat | bligatory tax for Muslims used for charity | 148 | |
| 125471340 | benefice | A landed estate granted in feudal tenure. | 149 |
