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| 62760986 | Johannes Gutenburg | inventer of the printing press | 0 | |
| 62760987 | Henry The Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 1 | |
| 62760988 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 2 | |
| 62760989 | Vasco de Gama | A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean | 3 | |
| 62760990 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 4 | |
| 62760991 | Amerigo Vespucci | The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him | 5 | |
| 62760992 | Vasco de Balboa | First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. | 6 | |
| 62760993 | Ferdinand Megellan | Portuguese captain in spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the glove in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession for the Philippines | 7 | |
| 62760994 | James Cook | 1728 - 1779 English sea captain who searched for a northern passage to the Pacific | 8 | |
| 62760995 | Joseph Banks | a young scientist who made vast contribuations to botany and zoology on the basis of his findings on this voyage | 9 | |
| 62760996 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private property and free enterprise | 10 | |
| 62760997 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | 11 | |
| 62760998 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 12 | |
| 62760999 | Moctezuma II | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 13 | |
| 62761000 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 14 | |
| 62761001 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438) | 15 | |
| 62761002 | Encomienda system | system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. | 16 | |
| 62761003 | Repartimiento system | replaced the encomienda with the New Laws which mandated the repartimiento system. the Spaniards were forbidden to require labor or tribute from individual Indians, but were allowed to demand group services of entire Indian villages whose leaders determined individual work assignments. | 17 | |
| 63209556 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united | 18 | |
| 63209557 | Philip II | son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223) | 19 | |
| 63209558 | indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 20 | |
| 63209559 | 95 theses | Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517. | 21 | |
| 63209560 | John Calvin | French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion | 22 | |
| 63209561 | Anglican | a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism | 23 | |
| 63209562 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | 24 | |
| 63209563 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 25 | |
| 63209564 | Ignatius loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises. | 26 | |
| 63209565 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | 27 | |
| 63209566 | Spanish Armada | the Spanish fleet that attempted to invade England, ending in disaster, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power. | 28 | |
| 63209567 | Dutch east india company | Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. | 29 | |
| 63209568 | louis XIV | king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) | 30 | |
| 63209569 | Nation-State | A country who's population share a common identity. | 31 | |
| 63209570 | Serfdom | Lords in Eastern Europe revived serfdom to combat increasing economic challenges. Lords demanded that kings and princes issue laws restricting or eliminating peasants' right of moving freely | 32 |
