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| 140899048 | Council of Trent | meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant Reformers. | 0 | |
| 140899049 | Cassava | The cassava or manioc is a woody shrub that is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrate. | 1 | |
| 140899050 | Philosophes | French Enlightenment social philosophers | 2 | |
| 140899051 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership and opportunity for profit-making | 3 | |
| 140899052 | Empirical Research | Research based on the collection of data | 4 | |
| 140899053 | Deism | The concept of God common to the scientific revolution; the deity was believed to have set the world in motion and then allowed it to operate by natural laws | 5 | |
| 140899054 | Flax | (also known as Common Flax or Linseed) originated in India and was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. Flax is grown both for seed and for its fibers. Various parts of the plant have been used to make fabric, dye, paper, medicines, fishing nets and soap. | 6 | |
| 140899055 | Catholic Reformation | (or Counter Reformation)The religious reform movement within the Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation. It reaffirmed Catholic beliefs and promoted education | 7 | |
| 140899056 | Commercial Revolution | The expansion of trade and commerce in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries | 8 | |
| 140899057 | Harquebus | A heavy portable matchlock gun invented during the 15th century. It was a forerunner of the rifle and other long-arm firearms. | 9 | |
| 140899058 | Encyclopédie | Was an encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1766 by some of the most prominent philosophers. It originally consisted of 28 volumes and covered everything then known about the sciences, technology, & history. It criticized the Church and government and praised religious tolerance | 10 | |
| 140899059 | Heliocentric Theory | The concept that the sun is the center of the universe | 11 | |
| 140899060 | Indulgence | A document whose purchase was said to grant the bearer the forgiveness of sins | 12 | |
| 140899061 | Laissez-faire economics | An economic concept that holds that the government should not interfere with or regulate business and industries | 13 | |
| 140899062 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease (& people) between the Eastern and Western hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus | 14 | |
| 140899063 | Natural Laws | Principles that govern nature | 15 | |
| 140899064 | Ninety-five theses | The Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, known as the 95 Theses, (from 31 October 1517) challenged the teachings of the Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. They sparked a theological debate that would result in the Reformation and the birth of the Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptist traditions within Christianity | 16 | |
| 140899065 | Northern Renaissance | An extension of the Italian Renaissance to the nations of northern Europe; the Northern Renaissance took on a more religious nature than the Italian Renaissance | 17 | |
| 140899066 | Predestination | The belief of Protestant reformer John Calvin that God had chosen some people for heaven and others for hell | 18 | |
| 140899067 | Scientific Revolution | A European intellectual movement in the sixteenth century that established the basis for modern science | 19 | |
| 140899068 | Protestant Reformation | A religious movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that attempted to reform the beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church; it resulted in the formation of new Christian denominations | 20 | |
| 140899069 | Gutenberg Bible | A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century. | 21 | |
| 140899070 | Factor | An agent with trade privileges in early Russia | 22 | |
| 140899071 | Northwest Passage | A passage through the North American continent that was sought by early explorers to North America as a route to trade with the east. | 23 | |
| 140899072 | Wealth of Nations | Published on March 9, 1776, by Adam Smith; clearly written account of political economy at the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in the field of economics. The work is also the first comprehensive defense of free market policies. | 24 | |
| 140899073 | Thirty Years War | War from 1618 to 1648 between German Protestants and their allies against the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction. It reduced the German population by almost 60% and German prosperity and power for a full century. The treaty that ended the war granted political independence to the Protestant Netherlands. The war established the principle of territorial toleration. | 25 | |
| 140899074 | Huguenots | any of the Protestants (French Calvinists) in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. The Edict of Nantes (1598) granted them tolerance in France and ended the French civil wars of religion. | 26 | |
| 140899075 | Romanov dynasty | imperial dynasty of Russia that ruled from 1613 to 1917. | 27 | |
| 140899076 | Hapsburg Monarchy | (also Habsburg) Austrian royal dynasty, a leading ruling house in Europe from the 13th to 19th century. | 28 | |
| 140899077 | Akbar (the Great) | (1542-1605) Emperor of India (1556-1605) generally regarded as the greatest ruler of the Moghul Empire. Son and successor of Humayan; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. | 29 | |
| 140899078 | Sikhism | Monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab in the 15th century by Guru NANAK. It combines elements of Hinduism and Islam, accepting the Hindu concepts of karma and reincarnation but rejecting the caste system, and has one sacred scripture, the Adi Granth. | 30 | |
| 140899079 | Francis Xavier | Early Jesuit missionary often called the Apostle to the Indies. He was an associate of St Ignatius of Loyola, with whom he took the vow founding the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). From 1541 he traveled through India, Japan, and the East Indies, making many converts. | 31 | |
| 140899080 | Hacienda | A large estate with a dwelling-house, originally given by monarchs in Latin America as a reward for services done. Such estates are known as estancias in Argentina and fazendas in Brazil. | 32 | |
| 140899081 | Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindu and Muslims in India, but failed | 33 | |
| 140899082 | Galleons | large heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion | 34 |
