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| 255573269 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305) | 0 | |
| 255573270 | The Aztecs | They eventually dominated most of the Mayans. They built large public buildings, had schools for male children, an organized military, and a medical system. They also used a tribute system as a form of taxation. | 1 | |
| 255573271 | Chinampas | Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301) | 2 | |
| 255573272 | Bloodletting | A ritual performed in Maya and Aztec civilizations where people would cut themselves in a process that allowed them to sacrifice their blood to a specific god. | 3 | |
| 255573274 | The Inca | Powerful empire in area now Peru; skilled builders constructed complex cities in the Andes Mountains; Machu Picchu is most famous city; were defeated by the Spanish who took their gold and silver found in the Inca empire | 4 | |
| 255573275 | Quipu | knotted cords of various lengths and colors used by the inca to keep financial records | 5 | |
| 255573276 | Cuzco | Roads led to the heart of the Incan empire, was a splended city of temples, plazas, and palaces. | 6 | |
| 255573280 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428) | 7 | |
| 255573281 | Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | 8 | |
| 255573282 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese-born navigator. Hired by Spain to sail to the Indies in 1519. Magellan was killed in the Philippines.One of his ships returned to Spain thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. | 9 | |
| 255573283 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands | 10 | |
| 255573284 | Manila Galleons | Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. | 11 | |
| 255573285 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 12 | |
| 255573286 | 7 Years War | Fought in both continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in Indian and North America | 13 | |
| 255573287 | Joint-stock company | A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts. | 14 | |
| 255573288 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | 15 | |
| 255573289 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 16 | |
| 255573290 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 17 | |
| 255573291 | The Council of Trent | ..., reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs | 18 | |
| 255573292 | Treaty of Augsburg 1555 | Stopped the fighting between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and the Protestant princes, allowing them to choose which religion would be in their kingdom. | 19 | |
| 255573293 | Society of Jesus | a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen | 20 | |
| 255573295 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism | 21 | |
| 255573296 | Capitalism | an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. | 22 | |
| 255573297 | Supply and demand | an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply) | 23 | |
| 255573299 | Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple. | 24 | |
| 255573300 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466) | 25 | |
| 255573301 | Enlightenment | movement during the 1700's that spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society | 26 | |
| 255573302 | Deism | ..., The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 27 | |
| 255573303 | Galileo Galilee | Italian scientist and mathematician who supported Copernicus' heliocentric theory. He created a telescope to observe outer space and was forced to deny his findings b/c they went againgst the teachings of the Church | 28 | |
| 255573305 | Ptolemaic universe | universe seen as all the planets and motion were fixed around the earth, and the spheres surrounding earth were made of heavenly material | 29 | |
| 255573306 | Copernican universe | Copernicus' suggestion in 1543 that the sun, rather than the earth, was the center of the universe. | 30 | |
| 255573308 | Smallpox | a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars | 31 | |
| 255573310 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 32 | |
| 255573311 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 33 | |
| 255573312 | Encomienda System | It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity | 34 | |
| 255573313 | Audiencias | Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America. | 35 | |
| 255573314 | Mestizos | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | 36 | |
| 255573315 | Zambos | People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever. | 37 | |
| 255573316 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class | 38 | |
| 255573317 | Creoles | descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status | 39 | |
| 255573319 | Hacienda System | similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners, Replaced the Economienda system. | 40 | |
| 255573320 | The Engenho | Portuguese cane sugar mill | 41 | |
| 255573321 | Indentured Labor | labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities | 42 | |
| 255573322 | Cash Crop | a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco) | 43 | |
| 255573323 | Songhay Empire | Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. university town, book trade. | 44 | |
| 255573328 | Middle Passage | the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route | 45 | |
| 255573329 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa | 46 | |
| 255573330 | Plantation | an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas) | 47 | |
| 255573331 | Maroons | Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa. | 48 | |
| 255573332 | Olaudah Equiano | sold into slavery at age 11; after gaining freedom, he spoke out against slavery and published his autobiography | 49 | |
| 255573333 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 50 | |
| 255573334 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 51 | |
| 255573335 | The Manchu's | from Manchuria, controlled Northern China for 260 years, then it weakened | 52 | |
| 255573336 | Scholar-Bureaucrats | Civil servants, selected through rigorous examinations and schooled in Confucian texts and calligraphy, who governed the Chinese empire of the Qing dynasty. | 53 | |
| 255573337 | Eight Legged Essays | What: literaty compositions with 8 distinct sections on questions posed by examiners Who: people taking civil service exams Why: Took 3 days and 2 nights, took essays in cramped rooms under horrible conditions people died during examination period Where: cramped rooms When: 16 c | 54 | |
| 255573338 | Son of Heaven | granted to an individual who is deserving, ruler is a link between heaven and earth, his duty is maintain order and dispense justice | 55 | |
| 255573339 | Filial Piety | in Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors | 56 | |
| 255573340 | Gentry Society | In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166) | 57 | |
| 255573342 | Tokugawa Shogunate | shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas | 58 | |
| 255573344 | The Ottoman Empire | Ottoman Turks started to expand their territory around 1300 into southeastern Europe, Turkey, North Africa and the Middle East- took over much of the territory that belonged to Islamic Empire- ruler was called a sultan. Weakened because their technology fell behind that of Europe. | 59 | |
| 255573345 | Ghazi | a Muslim warrior who has fought to expand the frontiers of the Muslim state | 60 | |
| 255573347 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526) | 61 | |
| 255573348 | The Safavid Empire | A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between the 16th adn 18th centuries, provides a strinking example of how interaction among people can proudce a blending of cultures. | 62 | |
| 255573349 | Twelver Shiism | A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion. | 63 | |
| 255573350 | Janissaries | Christian boys taken from families, converted to Islam, and then rigorously trained to serve the sultan | 64 | |
| 255573351 | Devshirme | in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers | 65 | |
| 255573352 | The Mughal Empire | Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 536) | 66 | |
| 255573354 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. (p. 536) | 67 | |
| 255573355 | Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death | 68 | |
| 255573357 | Istanbul | Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople. | 69 | |
| 255573358 | Isfahan | capital city of the Safavid empire | 70 |
