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| 285572900 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | monarch of largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World. (p. 582) | 0 | |
| 285572901 | encomienda | Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Mesoamerica and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. (p. 583) | 1 | |
| 285572902 | Bartolomé de las Casas | irst bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 2 | |
| 285572903 | Mexico City | Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. (p. 588) | 3 | |
| 285572904 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs. (p. 588) | 4 | |
| 285572905 | mita | Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control. (p. 415) | 5 | |
| 285572906 | Huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Potosí. (p. 594) | 6 | |
| 285572907 | haciendas | Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World; produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy. (p. 592) | 7 | |
| 285572908 | consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return. (p. 595) | 8 | |
| 285572909 | galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion. (p. 595) | 9 | |
| 285572910 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; granted all lands west of Brazil to Spain. (p. 596) | 10 | |
| 285572911 | Council of the Indies | Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World. (p. 596) | 11 | |
| 285572912 | viceroyalties | Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the King. (p. 596) | 12 | |
| 285572913 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. (p. 597) | 13 | |
| 285572914 | capitaincies | Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony. (p. 597) | 14 | |
| 285572915 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763. (p. 599) | 15 | |
| 285572916 | sociedad de castas | merican social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Indians at bottom, mixed races in middle. (p. xxxx) | 16 | |
| 285572917 | commercio libre | Policy established during reign of Charles III; opened trade in ports of Spain and Indies to all Spanish merchants; undercut monopoly of consulados. (p. 604) | 17 | |
| 285572918 | factories | Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce. (p. 667) | 18 | |
| 285572919 | Nzinga Mvemba | King of Kongo south of Zaire River from 1507 to 1543; converted to Christianity and took title of Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom. (p. 639) | 19 | |
| 285572920 | Royal African Company | Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia. (p. 642) | 20 | |
| 285572921 | Indies piece | Term utilized within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave. (p. 643) | 21 | |
| 285572922 | triangular trade | Commerce linking Africa, the New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe. (p. 644) | 22 | |
| 285572923 | Asante Empire | Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650. (p. 642) | 23 | |
| 285572924 | Benin | City-state formed in 14th century under Ewuare the Great (1400-1473); control extended from Niger River to coast near modern Lagos. (p. 647) | 24 | |
| 285572925 | Dahomey | Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves. (p. 642) | 25 | |
| 285572926 | great trek | Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal. (p. 651) | 26 | |
| 285572927 | Shaka | Ruler and reformer of Nguni peoples after 1818; reformed loose forces into regiments organized by lineage and age; created Zulu chiefdom that began to absorb or destroy its neighbors in southern Africa. (p. 650) | 27 | |
| 285572928 | Middle Passage | Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th—18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip Africans of their culture. (p. 654) | 28 | |
| 285572929 | Vodun (voodoo) | African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. (p. 659) | 29 | |
| 285572930 | William Wilberforce | British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament; led abolition of English slave trade in 1807. (p. 650) | 30 |
