Terms : Hide Images
| 249896444 | neuron | a nerve cell; basic building blocks of nervous system | |
| 249896445 | neural communication | body's info system is built from billions of neurons | |
| 249896446 | dendrites | receive messages from other cells | |
| 249896447 | cell body | cell's life center | |
| 249896448 | axon | passes messages | |
| 249896449 | neural impulse | electrical signal that travels down axon that is generated by movement of positive charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon's membrane | |
| 249896450 | myelin sheath | covers axon and helps speed impulse | |
| 249896451 | terminal buttons | form junctions that transmit to other neurons | |
| 249896452 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming info from the sensory receptors in the brain and spinal cord | |
| 249896453 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and psinal cord to the muscles and glands | |
| 249896454 | interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | |
| 249896455 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon | |
| 249896456 | depolarization | occurs when positive ions enter neuron, making more prone to firing action potential | |
| 249896457 | hyperpolarization | when negative ions enter neuron, making LESS prone to firing action potential | |
| 249896458 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (point of no return = firing) | |
| 249896459 | all-or-none response | when +ions exceeds threshold, neuron will fire; if +ions fails, neuron will not fire | |
| 249896460 | refractory period | after action potential fires, neuron must reload (time period where cannot fire) | |
| 249896461 | synapse | space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron | |
| 249896462 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons -released by sending neuron -->across synapse --> binds to receptor sites influencing the decision of a neural impulse | |
| 249896463 | excitation | pushing a neuron's acceleration | |
| 249896464 | inhibition | pushing a neuron's brakes | |
| 249896465 | Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter; both inhibitory and exitatory Disease link: Alzheimer's -motor control over muscles -learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming | |
| 249896466 | Dopamine | neurotransmitter Disease link: Parkinson's; Drug link: cocaine -reward, motivation, motor control over voluntary movement | |
| 249896467 | Serotonin | neurotransmitter Disease link: depression, OCD, obesity; Drug link: LSD -emotional states, impulsiveness, dreaming | |
| 249896468 | Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter; inhibitory Disease link: ADHD -arousal, vigilance, eating behavior | |
| 249896469 | GABA | neurotransmitter; inhibitory Disease link: insomnia, stress, anxiety; Drug link: valium, alcohol -inhibits action potential, anxiety, intoxication | |
| 249896470 | Glutamate | neurotransmitter; excitatory -fast-acting neural transmission, learning, memory | |
| 249896471 | CCK | neurotransmitter Disease link: panic disorders, social anxiety -learning, memory, satisfaction | |
| 249896472 | Substance P | neurotransmitter Drug link: capsaicin -pain perception | |
| 249896473 | antagonists | drugs that inhibit action | |
| 249896474 | agonists | drugs that enhance action | |
| 249896475 | reuptake | the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters | |
| 249896476 | endorphins | natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure "morphine within" | |
| 249896477 | nervous system | body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system | |
| 249896478 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | |
| 249896479 | peripheral nervous system | sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body | |
| 249896480 | nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs | |
| 249896481 | somatic nervous system | division of peripheral nervous system -controls body's skeletal muscles | |
| 249896482 | autonomic nervous system | division of peripheral nervous system -controls glands and muscles of internal organs (heart) | |
| 249896483 | sympathetic nervous system | division of autonomic nervous system -arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | |
| 249896484 | parasympathetic nervous system | division of the autonomic nervous system -calms down the body, conserving energy | |
| 249896485 | reflex | simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as a knee-jerk response | |
| 249896486 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system -works with neurons to regulate psychogical activity -set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | |
| 249896487 | hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactures by the endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream, and affect other tissues | |
| 249896488 | adrenal glands | pair of endocrine glands that sit above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress | |
| 249896489 | pituitary gland | endocrine system's most influential gland -under hypothalmus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | |
| 249896490 | hypothalmus | location: forebrain, near the brain stem function: regulates basic needs (fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating); linked to emotion and reward | |
| 249896491 | thyroid | puts out thyroxin -hypo (too little): everything slows down -hyper (too much): more active, hungrier | |
| 249896492 | parathyroid | produce parathyrin -controls/regulates calcium -humans have 4 | |
| 249896493 | pancreas | gland behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes -also produces insulin, glucogan, somatostatin | |
| 249896494 | testis | organ producing sperm | |
| 249896495 | ovary | organ producing ovaries | |
| 249896496 | lesions | tissue destruction | |
| 249896497 | EEG - electronencephalogram | records large patterns of electrical activity -studies relationship between psychological activities | |
| 249896498 | CT scans - computerized axial tomography | brain damaged identifier -xray photos taken from different angles and combined | |
| 249896499 | PET scans - position-emission tomography | radioactivity recorder (active neurons use radioactive glucose) studies active cells during psychological activities as they occur | |
| 249896500 | MRI - magnetic resonance imaging | magnetic fields and radio waves to generate pulses of energy which are then recorded -picture of brain's soft tissue | |
| 249896501 | fMRI | for structure AND function (without injection of radioactive glucose) watches blood flow links structures to physiological activity | |
| 249896502 | MEG - magnetoencephlography | measures feint magnetic fields most accurate; most expensive | |
| 249896503 | brain stem | oldest part, central core of the brain begins where spinal cord swells as it enters the skull responsible for automatic survival functions | |
| 249896504 | medulla | location: brain stem function: controls breathing, heart rate; sensory/motor pathways cross | |
| 249896505 | pons | location: brain stem function: regulate brain activity during sleep and dreaming; help coordinate movement | |
| 249896506 | reticular formation | location: core and brain stem function: arouses the cortex to keep brain alert and attentive to new stimuli | |
| 249896507 | thalamus | location: on top of brain stem function: "relay station" all messages pass through it on way in and out | |
| 249896508 | cerebellum | location: "little brain" attached to brain stem function: responsible for coordinated movements | |
| 249896509 | limbic system | location: below cerebral hemispheres function: emotions and drives | |
| 249896510 | amygdala | location: limbic system function: memory and emotion (fear and aggression) | |
| 249896511 | cerebral cortex | location: outer layer of cerebrum function: learning, memory, thinking, sensation, consciousness | |
| 249896512 | glial glands | "glue glands" location: nervous system function: support, nourish, and protect neurons | |
| 249896513 | frontal lobe | location: forehead function: speaking, muscles movements, planning, judgments | |
| 249896514 | parietal lobe | location: top of the head, toward the rear function: sensation for touch and body position | |
| 249896515 | occipital lobe | location: back of the head function: visual information (seeing) | |
| 249896516 | temporal lobe | location: above ears (temples) function: auditory; each receives information from opposite ear | |
| 249896517 | motor cortex | location: rear of frontal lobes function: controls voluntary movements | |
| 249896518 | sensory cortex | location: front of parietal lobe function: registers and processes body touch and movement sensations | |
| 249896519 | association areas | location: areas of cerebral cortex function: higher mental functions (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking) | |
| 249896520 | Phineas Gage | -after an explosion while working on the railroads, a rod went through his head -dramatically changed his personality and behavior -cased played a role in development of understanding the localization of brain function | |
| 249896521 | Aphasia | impairment of language, caused by left hemisphere damage (Broca's area or Wernickes's area) | |
| 249896522 | Broca's area | location: left frontal lobe function: controls language expression, controls movements involved with speech | |
| 249896523 | Wernicke's area | location: left temporal lobe function: controls language reception, language comprehension and expression | |
| 249896524 | angular gyrus | location: region of the brain in the parietal lobe function: language, math, cognition | |
| 249896525 | plasticity | brain's ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience (more common during childhood) | |
| 249896526 | neurogenesis | formation of new neurons | |
| 249896527 | corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers connecting the brain hemispheres; carries messages between them | |
| 249896528 | split brain | condition resulting from surgery -isolates two brain hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them (literally can multitask now) | |
| 249896529 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and our environment | |
| 249896530 | cognitive neuroscience | interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, and language) | |
| 249896531 | dual processing | information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | |
| 249896532 | vision perception | experience world (ventral stream) | |
| 249896533 | vision for action | brain stem controlling movement (dorsal stream) | |
| 249896534 | synaptic transmission | 1. synthesis/storage of neurostransmitters 2. neurotransmitters released when action potential is reached 3. neurotransmitter diffuses across and binds to receptors on postsynaptic cell 4. neurotransmitters released from receptors and diffuse back into synaptic cleft 5. neurotransmitter is reabsorbed (reuptake) | |
| 249896535 | divisions and subdivisions of nervous system | Nervous system l peripheral -------------------------------------------- central l autonomic------somatic l sympathetic ------parasympathetic | |
| 249896536 | hippocampus | location: limbic system function: formation of memories | |
| 249896537 | sodium-potassium pump | maintains correct cellular concentrations of sodium and potassium ions by removing excess ions from inside a cell and replacing them with ions from outside of the cell |
