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| 285575622 | Ivan III | Also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar-equivalent of emperor. (p. 566) | 0 | |
| 285575623 | Ivan IV | Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture. (p. 566) | 1 | |
| 285575624 | cossacks | Peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in south; combined agriculture with military conquests; spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements. (p. 567) | 2 | |
| 285575625 | Time of Troubles | Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. (p. 568) | 3 | |
| 285575626 | Romanov dynasty | Dynasty elected in 1613 at end of Time of Troubles; ruled Russia until 1917. (p. 568) | 4 | |
| 285575627 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models. (p. 559) | 5 | |
| 285575628 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry. (p. 571) | 6 | |
| 285575629 | Pugachev rebellion | During 1770s in reign of Catherine the Great; led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev, who claimed to be legitimate tsar; eventually crushed; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. (p. 571) | 7 | |
| 285575630 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. (p. 609) | 8 | |
| 285575631 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. (p. 613) | 9 | |
| 285575632 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. (p. 615) | 10 | |
| 285575633 | vizier | Ottoman equivalent of the Abbasid wazir; head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after 15th century often more powerful than sultan. (p. 616) | 11 | |
| 285575634 | Suleymaniye mosque | Great mosque built in Constantinople during the 16th-century reign of the Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent who was possibly the greatest of all Ottoman rulers. | 12 | |
| 285575635 | Safavid dynasty | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722. (p. 609) | 13 | |
| 285575636 | Ismâ'il | Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor. (p. 621) | 14 | |
| 285575637 | Abbas I the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology (p. 623) | 15 | |
| 285575638 | imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from Ali. (p. 624) | 16 | |
| 285575639 | Mullahs | Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. (p. 624) | 17 | |
| 285575640 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture. (p. 624) | 18 | |
| 285575641 | Mughal Empire | Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. (p. 609) | 19 | |
| 285575642 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. (p. 627) | 20 | |
| 285575643 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religion to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India. (p. 628) | 21 | |
| 285575644 | Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666). | 22 | |
| 285575645 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707. (p. 631) | 23 |
