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| 6023071414 | Humanism | the interest in the ancient civilization of Greece and Rome; interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals, grew from Greek culture, but during the Italian Renaissance, it was reflected through portrait painting, autobiography, and philosophies that challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. | 0 | |
| 6023107425 | Patron | Supporters of the arts | 1 | |
| 6023071415 | Printing Press | Developed by Johann Gutenberg; the first Gutenberg bible was printed in !954. Made it practical for European Humanists to work closely with printers to make their writing available to wider audiences. By the !500 at least 10 million printed copies of books were circulating around Europe, greatly increasing the number of people that had access to not only Bibles but to renaissance ideas. | 2 | |
| 6023072077 | Protestant Reformation | Rebellions against the church. They resulted in a permanent new division in Western Christendom | 3 | |
| 6023134314 | Martin Luther | Made his 95 thesis public. A document that consisted of 95 propsitions that criticized the Catholic Church, particularry in its sale of indulgences. | 4 | |
| 6023138543 | Indulgences | Grants of salvation in return for money | 5 | |
| 6023141586 | John Calvin's Protestant | Centered on the belief in a stern and vengful God | 6 | |
| 6023143375 | Martin Luther's Protestant | Believed in a merciful god, encouraged people to read the Bible and find the true meaning of Christianisty | 7 | |
| 6023072078 | Catholic Reformation | The church initiated reforms, including the banning of indulgences, and Roman Catholic authorities sought to persuade Protestants to return to the Catholic church. A movement to revive the church;s reputation and membership roles. | 8 | |
| 6023150099 | Council of Trent | gathered bishops, cardinals, and other high church officials together periodically between 1545 and 1563 to discuss religious doctrine. | 9 | |
| 6023154500 | Jesuits | A religious order, whose members went all over Europe convincing many to return to the church. Eventually become international missionaries with numorous converts in Asia and Americas. | 10 | |
| 6023078065 | Scientific Resolution | 16th-17th century, reliance on human reason for understanding scientific phenomena reinforcing changes brought about by the Renaissance, including further weakening of the influence of the Church. | 11 | |
| 6023078565 | Empirical Evidence | information verifiable by observation. | 12 | |
| 6023078566 | Heliocentric | Ptolemy believed that the earth was the center of the universe and the heavenly bodies revolved around it. His theory was adopted by the church as an official doctrine, thus meaning to question Ptolemy was to question the church. Copernicus later discovered taht the earth revolved around the sun; the earth revolved on its axis every 24 hours so that the differences in night and day were not caused by the universe revolving around the earth. | 13 | |
| 6023197746 | The Church's reaction to Copernicus' theory | 160 decalred his work to be heresy, and by 1616 all writings that claimed that the earth moved on its axis was forbidden to be taught or read. | 14 | |
| 6023203386 | Galileo Galilei | Th first to use it to study the heavens, where he discovered that the Milky Way is a huge collection of stars, the moon's light reflected from the sun, and the earth is not the only planet with moons. | 15 | |
| 6023208544 | Affect of Heliocentric discoveries | Disconcerting people of early Europe because they indicated that the earth is nothing special, and is only one of may heavenly bodies in the universe. For religious reasons, these discoveries implied that the earth was not central to God's creation, and they called into question the belief that God's throne is in a fixed place in heaven | 16 | |
| 6023214364 | Deism | God set natural laws in motion, a system of thought. | 17 | |
| 6023079527 | Enlightenment | Emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent, rational thought was displayed. Thinkers were inspired by scientist to understand the natural laws of the universe, but their interest lay in how the laws affect human society and government. | 18 | |
| 6023224938 | John Locke | Sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties ad equality and the implications for governemtn. | 19 | |
| 6023227680 | Thomas Hobbes | Human beings by nature must inevitably be controlled by absolute rulers. Social contract between ruler and subject that required a governor to have a consentent to be governeed | 20 | |
| 6023083449 | Adam Smith | Analyed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economics in his book, The Wealth Of Nations. | 21 | |
| 6023083450 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and businesses that produce goods to be bought and sold in a free market. | 22 | |
| 6023084888 | Divine Rights of Kings | God blessing the king's autority, the legitamecy of royalty across Europe was enhanced. | 23 | |
| 6023084889 | Absolutism | Absolute Monarchs who held complete control over their kingdoms. | 24 | |
| 6023085879 | Constitutionalism | Rulers shared power with parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and leading urban citizens. Private individuals pursue their own economic interst, hire their own workers, and decide whichs goods to produce. | 25 | |
| 6023086426 | Mercantilism | Responsibility of government to promote the state's economy to imporve tax revenues and limit imports to prevent profit from going to outsiders. | 26 | |
| 6023290591 | Henry the Navigator | Created navation schools | 27 | |
| 6023272915 | Technology for Portuguese Exploration | Caravel; A much smaller Chinese junk, but its sixe allowed for explration of shalllow coast areas and rivers. Came with two sets of sails. Used European cannons to make caravels into fighting ships too. | 28 | |
| 6023274057 | Areas of trade for Portuguese Exploration | Coast of Africa, Cape of Good Hope, tip of Asia (Dias), Indian ocean basian | 29 | |
| 6023275851 | Colonies from Portuguese Exploration | Brazil | 30 | |
| 6023305677 | Ferdinand Magellan | A Spanish explorer; one of his ships became the first to circumnavigate the globe. | 31 | |
| 6023278832 | Political System of Spanish Colonies in Americas | Spain established two centers of authority in the Americas - Mexico and Peru - but later split their possessions into four viceroyalties. Viceroys would set up governments in an urban area, so the members of the large bureaucracy lived nearby. | 32 | |
| 6023313532 | Viceroyalties | King's representatives in the New World, they wielded a great deal pg power over their new lands, | 33 | |
| 6023314824 | Economic System of Spanish Colonies in Americas | Set up silver mines in Mexico and Peru, as well as large agricultural plantations require large workforces that the Europeans planned to fill with native people. Silver mines in the Americas caused inflation that greatly wounded the Spanish economy | 34 | |
| 6023328099 | Encomienda System | Spanish settlers had the right to force natives tp work in their mines or fields. In return, they were responsible for the well-being of workers, including their conversion to Christianity. | 35 | |
| 6023329273 | Encomenderos | Spanish settler | 36 | |
| 6023332283 | Mit'a System | Required one-seventh of adult male Amerindians to work at any given time for two-four months each year for Spanish matters. | 37 | |
| 6023334299 | Problems to the Amerindians | Both systems led to the death of many Amerindians. Plantations and mines had too few workers to function, and the mit'a system broke down when the Spainish began to demand more time. | 38 | |
| 6023279353 | Races/Social classes in Americas | The political administrators, military leaders and soldiers, and the plantation and mine owners were European whilst the workers were the Amerindians. | 39 | |
| 6023342521 | Creoles | European children born in the New World. | 40 | |
| 6023343782 | Mestizo | Part European and part Amerindian | 41 | |
| 6023344633 | Mulattoes | European and African descent | 42 | |
| 6023345993 | Castas | Mulattoes and Mestizo made the middle class, Europeans made the upper class, and the Amerindians at the bottom. | 43 | |
| 6023280199 | British reason for trade | Gain wealth | 44 | |
| 6023352172 | Joint-stock companies | Share the risk of business ventures | 45 | |
| 6023366229 | Mercantilism for English and Dutch | Goods and services that originated in the home county could be exported to colonies only and all colonial exports had to go to the home country. | 46 | |
| 6023282605 | Dutch reason for trade | Gain wealth and improve trade. | 47 | |
| 6023283646 | Columbian Exchange | A global diffusion of crops, human beings, animals, and diseases that took place after the European exploratory voyages to the New Word. Began due to exploration. New foods brought causes population increase | 48 | |
| 6029677432 | European technology that assisted seas trade | Compass, Astro blade. | 49 | |
| 6029677433 | Sugar, silver, and tobacco | Sugar cane from Brazil. Silver came from Peru. Tobacco came from North America | 50 | |
| 6023374138 | Study your map girls | Okay, its like 2 am and I want to die so what's new, tea. | 51 | |
| 6023382715 | Slavery in Africa | Slaves were often debtors or prisoners of war. Internally they were used for labor. | 52 | |
| 6023385728 | Atlantic Slave Trade | Contact with the Portuguese during the 15ht century opened a new slave market that eventually came across the Atlantic. About 10 million African slaves arrived in the Americas. African elites traded war captives, criminals, and individuals expelled from their groups to Europe. The majority were young men, who were valued for the physical strength necessary for hard work in plantation fields. For 150 year the Portuguese controlled the trade and took most of the slaves to Brazil. Traded slaves for guns | 53 | |
| 6023287857 | African Diaspora | Spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, espeially to the Americas. Mostly South America. | 54 | |
| 6023392934 | Effect of African Diaspora | African women were outnumbered by men almost everywhere in the Western Hemisphere. Family members often went to different plantations. | 55 | |
| 6029677434 | Why couldn't Portuguese and Spain trade in the Mediterranean | Italy was in control of the trade. | 56 | |
| 6029677435 | Why didn't the North America have slaves | They had small farms and indentured servitude | 57 | |
| 6023751355 | Catherine | Understood the conflict between the Slavic and westernization. fully aware of Enlightenment ideas. Strong aristocratic rule. Continued westernization, absolute rule, serfdom. | 58 |
