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| The preliminary shift away from agriculture economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution (p. 539) | ||
| Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America (p. 539) | ||
| Revolution in France (1789-1800); resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and ld regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe (p. 540) | ||
| Bourban moarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution (p. 540) | ||
| Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (17890; stated the fundemental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements (p.540) | ||
| Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror (p. 540) | ||
| Political viewpoint that urged the importance of national unity; valued an identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin (p. 542) | ||
| Rose within the French army during the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; est authoritarian French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815 (p. 542) | ||
| Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes (p. 542) | ||
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church (p. 542) | ||
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of consitutional rule and parliaments. (p. 542) | ||
| Political viewpoint with origins in western Euope during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes (p. 543) | ||
| Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans (p. 543) | ||
| Legislation passed in Great britian that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britian (p. 543) | ||
| Attempt by artisans & workers in Britian to gain the vote during the 1840s; demans for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed (p. 548) | ||
| Discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulations by the 1880s (p. 550) | ||
| Leading conservative political figure in Britian in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics (p. 551) | ||
| Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king (p. 551) | ||
| Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes (p. 551) | ||
| Fought from (1861-1865); first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South (p. 552) | ||
| Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo (p. 552) | ||
| Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man (p. 553) | ||
| German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship (p. 553) | ||
| Someone involed in social movements that at least tactily disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; belived social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions (p. 553) | ||
| Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s (p. 553) | ||
| An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports (p. 555) | ||
| Biologist who develpoed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival (p. 556) | ||
| Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity (p. 556) | ||
| Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious (19th-20th centuries); argued that behavior is determined by impulses (p. 556) | ||
| Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection (p. 557) | ||
| Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I (p. 562) | ||
| Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I (p. 562) | ||
| Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I (p. 563) | ||
| The ruler(s) which controlled most of the Javanese interior in that late 1620s (p. 570) | ||
| Government of the British East India Company; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britian in India (p. 571) | ||
| Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula ruler of Bengal; British victory resulted in control of northern India (p. 571) | ||
| Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of British Raj in northern India (18th century). (p. 572) | ||
| A soldier(troops) that served the British East India Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India (p. 571) | ||
| Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India; capitals at Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay (p. 573) | ||
| Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation (p. 575) | ||
| Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked wide-spread corruption. (p.575) | ||
| an active Western-educated Indian leader; its' support in the 1830s helped the british outlaw sati (the Hindu burning of widows) (p. 576) | ||
| Location of battle fought in 1879 between the British and Zulu armies in South Africa; resulted in defeat of British; one of few victories of African forces over Western Europeans (p. 582) | ||
| Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population; small numbers of native inhabitants were typically reduced by disease and wars of conquest; typical of British holdings in North America and Australia with growing independence in the 19th century (p. 583) | ||
| Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants (p. 582) | ||
| Fought (1899-1902) over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization for whites in South Africa (p. 590) | ||
| Made voyages to Hawaii (1777-1779) resulting opening of islands to the West; convinced Kamehameha to establish unified kingdom in the islands (p. 591) | ||
| Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804 (p. 596) | ||
| Mexican priest who established independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed (p. 597) | ||
| Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824. (p.597) | ||
| Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador (1817-1822); military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia (p. 597) | ||
| Independent state created in South America as a result of military successed of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1830, at which time Columbia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became seperate nations (p. 597) | ||
| leader of movements in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru (p. 597) | ||
| Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian peninsula; made Brazil seat of empire with a capital at Rio de Janeiro (p 599) | ||
| Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia (1829-1839). (p. 600) | ||
| Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America (p. 600) | ||
| latin American politicians who whished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives (p. 601) | ||
| Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals (p. 601) | ||
| Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy (p. 601) | ||
| Seized power in Mexico after collapse of empire of mexico (1824); after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independance in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican-American War in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854 (p. 600) | ||
| American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade (p. 604) | ||
| French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence (p. 606) | ||
| Fought between Mexico & the United States (1846-1848); led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces, loss of about 1/2 of Mexico's national territory to the United States (p. 607) | ||
| Agreement that ended the Mexican-American War; provided for loss of Texas & California to the United States; left legacy of distrust of the United States in Latin America (p. 607) | ||
| The name given to the liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna (p. 607) | ||
| Indian governor of state of Oaxcaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872 (p. 607) | ||
| Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow & execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juarez in 1867 (p. 607) | ||
| Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists (p. 608) | ||
| Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil (1840-1860); created major export commodity for Brazillian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil (p. 610) | ||
| Advisors of government of Porfirio D who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted Mexican government to project image of moderization (p. 617) | ||
| War fought between Spain and the US beginning in 1989; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines (p. 618) | ||
| An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914 (p. 618) | ||
| Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire (1789-1807); aimed at improving administrative efficiency & building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807 (p. 626) | ||
| Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomente revolution of Janissaries & crushed with with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents (p. 626) | ||
| Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire (1839-1876); established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876 (p. 626) | ||
| Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutiam during reign (1878-1908); nullified constitution & restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 (p. 627) | ||
| Head of the coalition of Mameluk households in Egypt; opposed Napoleanic invasion of Egypt & suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mameluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core (p. 629) | ||
| Won power strugle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died 1848 (p. 630) | ||
| Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French & English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 (p. 631) | ||
| Connects Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea; Built across Isthus of Suez in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of Britich into Egyptian politics to protect their investment (p. 631) | ||
| Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed nees for adoption of Western scientific learning & technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry (p. 631) | ||
| Disciple of Al Afghani; Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry (p. 631) | ||
| Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support (p. 632) | ||
| River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan (p. 633) | ||
| during the 1870s, he united the divided people of Egypt & Britian; also known as Mahdi (p. 633) | ||
| head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from Prophet; proclaimed both Egyptians & British as infidels; launched a jihad to purge Islam impurities; took Khartoum in 1883 (p. 633) | ||
| Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1598 (p. 633) | ||
| architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuriacaptured Ming capital at Beijing (p. 634) | ||
| Eight armies of the Manchu tribes ; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor & establish Qing dynasty (p. 634) | ||
| Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty (1661-1722); established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus (p. 635) | ||
| Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world (p. 637) | ||
| Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and onfiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War (p. 640) | ||
| Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening Hong Kong as British port of trade (p. 639) | ||
| Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry (p. 640) | ||
| Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite (p. 640) | ||
| during the late 19th century; Chinese movement aimed at countering the challende from the West; encouraged Western investment in railways & factories, and modernized armies (p. 641) | ||
| Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials (p. 641) | ||
| Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925 (p. 642) | ||
| Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe (p. 649) | ||
| Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army afficers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I (p. 649) | ||
| Fought (1854-1856); began as Russian attemp to attack ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France & Britian as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II (p. 650) | ||
| Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Rusia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in vilages until they could repay aristocracy for land (p. 651) | ||
| Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy (p. 652) | ||
| Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asain role (p. 653) | ||
| Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia (p. 653) | ||
| Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th-century group bent on radical change in Russia political and social system; often wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West (p. 655) | ||
| Known as Lenin; most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of diciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 (p. 656) | ||
| The "majority" party; the mos tradical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its tirumph in the 1917 revolution (p. 656) | ||
| War between Japan and Russia over territory in Manchuria beginning in 1905; Japan defeated the Russians, because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance (p. 656 & 665) | ||
| National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall futher revolution (p. 657) | ||
| A Japanese minister that introduced an important series of reforms for the peasantry; they gained greater freedoms: buy & sell land more freely (p. 657) | ||
| Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land (p. 657) | ||
| Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40%, of Japanese males (p. 658) | ||
| American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854 (p. 659) | ||
| The new emperor named Mutsuhito that ended the political crisis in Japan in 1868; is commonly known as _____. In his name, jew samurai leaders managed to put down the troops of the shogunate (p. 659) | ||
| Japanese parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it (p. 661) | ||
| Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization (p. 663) | ||
| War fought between Japan and Qing China (1894-1895); resulted in Japanese victory; frustrated Japanese imperial aims because of Western insistence that Japan withdraw from Liaotung penisula (p. 664) |
