Chapters 18, 19, and 20
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| 282971977 | chartered companies | Groups of private investors who paid for an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. | 0 | |
| 282971978 | Dutch West India Company | Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. | 1 | |
| 282971979 | Saint Domingue | French colony in present day Haiti that became the greatest producer of sugar in the Atlantic world. | 2 | |
| 282971980 | plantocracy | In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. | 3 | |
| 282971981 | driver | A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. | 4 | |
| 282971982 | seasoning | An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. | 5 | |
| 282971983 | grands blancs | great whites | 6 | |
| 282971984 | petits blancs | little whites | 7 | |
| 282971985 | manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | 8 | |
| 282971986 | capitalism | The economic system of large financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, investment companies - that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production. | 9 | |
| 282971987 | maroons | Slaves who ran away from their master. Often members of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. | 10 | |
| 282971988 | Royal African Company | A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. | 11 | |
| 282971989 | mercantilism | European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country. The British System was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system by laws known as the Exclusif. | 12 | |
| 282971990 | Atlantic Circuit | The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. | 13 | |
| 282971991 | Middle Passage | The part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. | 14 | |
| 282971992 | Songhai | A people, language, kingdom, and empire in western Sudan in West Africa. At its height in the sixteenth century, the Muslim Songhai Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa and was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade. | 15 | |
| 282971993 | Hausa | An agricultural and trading people of central Sudan in West Africa. Aside from their brief incorporation into the Songhai Empire, the Hausa city-states remained autonomous until the Sokoto Caliphate conquered them in the early nineteenth century. | 16 | |
| 282971994 | Bornu | A powerful West African Kingdom at the southern edge of the Sahara in the Central Sudan, which was important in trans-Saharan trade and in the spread of Islam. Also known as Kanem-Bornu, it endured from the ninth century to the end of the nineteenth. | 17 | |
| 283602243 | Suleiman the Magnificent | The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, "The Lawgiver." He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. | 18 | |
| 283602244 | Janissaries | Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth until the corps was abolished in 1826. | 19 | |
| 283602245 | askeri | military class | 20 | |
| 283602246 | raya | flock of sheep | 21 | |
| 283602247 | Tulip Period | (1718-1730) Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. | 22 | |
| 283602248 | Shi'ites | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. | 23 | |
| 283602249 | Shah Abbas I | The fifth and most renowned ruler of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (r. 1587-1629). Abbas moved the royal caliphate to Isfahan in 1598. | 24 | |
| 283602250 | Hidden Imam | Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occasion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. | 25 | |
| 283602251 | Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus. | 26 | |
| 283602252 | mansabs | In India, grants of land given in return for service by the rulers of the Mughal Empire. | 27 | |
| 283602253 | Rajputs | Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar married a Rajput princess. | 28 | |
| 283602254 | nawab | officials bearing the title "nawab" established their own nearly independent states | 29 | |
| 283602255 | Acheh Sultanate | Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. | 30 | |
| 283602256 | Swahili | Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. | 31 | |
| 283602257 | Batavia | Fort established ca. 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. | 32 | |
| 283715379 | Manchu | Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. | 33 | |
| 283715380 | daimyo | Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. | 34 | |
| 283715381 | Tokugawa Shogunate | The last of the three shogunates of Japan. | 35 | |
| 283715382 | Ming Empire | Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming Emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. | 36 | |
| 283715383 | Kangxi | Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. | 37 | |
| 283715384 | Qing Empire | Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. | 38 | |
| 283715385 | Macartney mission | The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. | 39 | |
| 283715386 | Muscovy | Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. | 40 | |
| 283715387 | Siberia | The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. | 41 | |
| 283715388 | tsar | From Latin Caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in the sixteenth century. | 42 | |
| 283715389 | serf | In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. | 43 | |
| 283715390 | Peter the Great | Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. | 44 | |
| 283715391 | Cossacks | Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | 45 | |
| 283715392 | Catherine the Great | Russian ruler (r. 1762-1796) who acquired agricultural lands to the west. She also promoted industry and improved trade. | 46 |
