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| 315795391 | population revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent. (p. 698) | 0 | |
| 315795392 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America. (p. 699) | 1 | |
| 315795393 | French Revolution | Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. (p. 700) | 2 | |
| 315795394 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution (1792). (p. 700) | 3 | |
| 315795395 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements. (p. 700) | 4 | |
| 315795396 | The Terror | The period from 1793-1794 when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator. Thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed by the guillotine. | 5 | |
| 315795397 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815. (p. 702) | 6 | |
| 315795398 | Congress of Vienna, 1815 | Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes. (p. 702) | 7 | |
| 315795399 | liberalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. (p. 702) | 8 | |
| 315795400 | radicals | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes. (p. 703) | 9 | |
| 315795401 | conservatives | in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe. | 10 | |
| 315795402 | nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. (p. 702) | 11 | |
| 315795403 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. (p. 703) | 12 | |
| 315795404 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second rebellion against Bourbon monarchy; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. (p. 703) | 13 | |
| 315795405 | Reform Bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 14 | |
| 315795406 | Revolutions of 1848 | Generally refers to those nationalist and liberal movements within France, Germany, and the Habsburg Empire, specifically in Italy, Austria, and Hungary; after temporary success, the revolutions failed. (p. 708) | 15 | |
| 315795407 | Benjamin Disraeli | Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. (p. 711) | 16 | |
| 315795408 | Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. (p. 711) | 17 |
