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| 16139756090 | Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s |  | 0 |
| 16139756091 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. |  | 1 |
| 16139756093 | fossil fuels | Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals. |  | 2 |
| 16139756094 | factory system | This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. | 3 | |
| 16139756095 | Second Industrial Revolution | (1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production. | 4 | |
| 16139756099 | Capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 5 | |
| 16139756100 | Classical Liberalism | A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. | 6 | |
| 16139756101 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. |  | 7 |
| 16139756102 | John Stuart Mill | English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) |  | 8 |
| 16139756105 | Unions | An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages. | 9 | |
| 16139756106 | Marxism | Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle, and advocated for the overthrow of the upper class by the working class to eliminate private property. | 10 | |
| 16139756107 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. |  | 11 |
| 16139756108 | Socialism | A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production. | 12 | |
| 16139756110 | Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality | 13 | |
| 16139756113 | Abolitionist Movement | Movement to end slavery | 14 | |
| 16139756114 | End of Serfdom | Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865 | 15 | |
| 16139756115 | Seperate Spheres | Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics |  | 16 |
| 16139756124 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. | 17 | |
| 16139756125 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. |  | 18 |
| 16139756126 | Social Contract | An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed | 19 | |
| 16139756127 | Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property | 20 | |
| 16139756128 | Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain and asserting ideas of natural rights |  | 21 |
| 16139756129 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. |  | 22 |
| 16139756130 | Jamaica Letter | A document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on the independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government should operate. | 23 | |
| 16139756131 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror. |  | 24 |
| 16139756132 | Guillotine | A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution. |  | 25 |
| 16139756133 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. |  | 26 |
| 16139756134 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. |  | 27 |
| 16139756135 | Jean-Jacques Dessalines | He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean sea. In 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti. |  | 28 |
| 16139756136 | Simon Bolivar | Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule |  | 29 |
| 16139756137 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru |  | 30 |
| 16139756138 | Father Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed |  | 31 |
| 16139756140 | Suffrage | the right to vote |  | 32 |
| 16139756141 | Unification of Germany | Bismarck used his policy of "blood and iron" to unite the German states under Prussian rule by appealing to German nationalism and fighting against a common enemy in the Franco-Prussian War | 33 | |
| 16139756142 | Otto von Bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) |  | 34 |
| 16139756143 | Congress of Vienna | Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. |  | 35 |
| 16139756145 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. |  | 36 |
| 16139756146 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. |  | 37 |
| 16139756147 | Haitian Revolution | Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves. |  | 38 |
| 16139756148 | Mexican War for Independence | Led by Miguel de Hidalgo and others; republic established in 1823 after gaining freedom from Spain | 39 | |
| 16139756149 | Venezuelan Revolution | Simon Bolivar started liberation movement in 1810. Failed to capture capital, civil war broke out. Bolivar was exiled but returned, and liberated as well as became the president of Venezuela in 1821. 1822 Bolivar joined De San Martin to liberate Ecuador -- De San Martin fled to Spain as he wanted to establish a monarchy, Bolivar drove the rest of the Spanish out and created republics. | 40 | |
| 16139756152 | Seneca Falls Convention | (1848) The first US national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written |  | 41 |
| 16139832988 | Tabula Rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank slate which emphasized equality, experience, and education rather than fate and ancestry. | 42 | |
| 16139848085 | Baron Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive, legislative, and judicial powers. | 43 | |
| 16139853252 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 44 | |
| 16139857106 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | 45 | |
| 16139863980 | Anti-Semitism | hostility to or prejudice against Jewish people | 46 | |
| 16139880004 | Reign of Terror | The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed under the rule of Robespierre. | 47 | |
| 16139892314 | Bastille | Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison; stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution. | 48 | |
| 16139899167 | Spinning Jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) | 49 | |
| 16139901752 | water frame | 1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms | 50 | |
| 16139905379 | crop rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land | 51 | |
| 16139910117 | Seed Drill (Jethro Tull) | machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows | 52 | |
| 16139913918 | division of labor | Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers | 53 | |
| 16139916216 | cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, common before the Industrial Revolution. | 54 | |
| 16139920267 | assembly line | In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product. | 55 | |
| 16139926111 | Enclosure Movement | The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization. | 56 | |
| 16139927996 | Capital | An economic system based on private ownership of capital; also, money for investment | 57 | |
| 16139936307 | Trans-Siberian Railroad | Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia | 58 | |
| 16139938864 | human capital | the workforce | 59 | |
| 16139946622 | Company Rule in India | The period in India in which the British East India Company controlled parts of the Indian subcontinent. | 60 | |
| 16139960327 | Alexander Graham Bell | Inventor of the telephone | 61 | |
| 16139963719 | Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US | 62 | |
| 16139970350 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819). | 63 |
