Key terms from Princeton Review: Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 and AP World History: An Essential Coursebook
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| 777727798 | abolish | do away with formally | 0 | |
| 777727799 | assembly line | production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks. | 1 | |
| 777727800 | cartel | a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production | 2 | |
| 777727801 | communism | a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership | 3 | |
| 777727802 | constitution | law determining the fundamental political principles of a government | 4 | |
| 777727803 | corporation | a business firm whose articles of incorporation have been approved in some state | 5 | |
| 777727804 | doctrine | a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | 6 | |
| 777727805 | domestic | produced in a particular country | 7 | |
| 777727806 | emancipation | the act of setting free | 8 | |
| 777727807 | enclosure | process of taking over and fencing off land once shared by peasant farmers | 9 | |
| 777727808 | Estates-General | assembly of the estates of all France | 10 | |
| 777727809 | factory | places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods | 11 | |
| 777727810 | free market | economic system in which individuals decide for themselves what to produce and sell | 12 | |
| 777727811 | free trade | the removal of trade barriers so that goods can flow freely between countries | 13 | |
| 777727812 | immigration | movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population | 14 | |
| 777727813 | imperialism | a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries | 15 | |
| 777727814 | indemnity | legal exemption from liability for damages | 16 | |
| 777727815 | Industrial Revolution | change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power | 17 | |
| 777727816 | Laissez-Faire | idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs | 18 | |
| 777727817 | labor union | an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members | 19 | |
| 777727818 | Marxism | the theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability. | 20 | |
| 777727819 | nationalism | loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality. | 21 | |
| 777727820 | natural resources | materials found in nature that are used by living things | 22 | |
| 777727821 | rural | living in or characteristic of farming or country life | 23 | |
| 777727822 | social class | a group of people with similar backgrounds, incomes, and ways of living | 24 | |
| 777727823 | social Darwinism | the belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. | 25 | |
| 777727824 | socialism | a political theory advocating state ownership of industry | 26 | |
| 777727825 | suffrage | the right to vote | 27 | |
| 777727826 | trade union | organization of workers with the same trade or skill | 28 | |
| 777727827 | universal suffrage | the right of all adults to vote for their representatives. | 29 | |
| 777727828 | wage labor | the arrangement by which workers get a regular paycheck in exchange for performing a specific task | 30 | |
| 777727829 | American Revolution | the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. | 31 | |
| 777727830 | Berlin Conference | a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa | 32 | |
| 777727831 | Bloody Sunday | 1905, peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II palace, led by Father Gapon, fired on by palace guards, 100s died | 33 | |
| 777727832 | Boer Wars | a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa. | 34 | |
| 777727833 | Boxer Rebellion | a 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. | 35 | |
| 777727834 | British East India Company | joint stock company that obtained monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed. | 36 | |
| 777727835 | Capitulations | agreements with European powers that gave European bankers and merchants unfair advantages in the Ottoan Empire | 37 | |
| 777727836 | Charles Dawin | In 1859, he published his book on the origin of species by means of natural selection. | 38 | |
| 777727837 | Communist Manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views | 39 | |
| 777727838 | Congress of Vienna | restored a balance of power to Europe after Napoleon's reign | 40 | |
| 777727839 | Declaration of Independence | the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain | 41 | |
| 777727840 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. | 42 | |
| 777727841 | The Diet of Japan | Japan's legislature made up of two houses | 43 | |
| 777727842 | emancipation of serfs | Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained. | 44 | |
| 777727843 | Empress Cixi | the dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion | 45 | |
| 777727844 | Friederich Engels | German, self-educated in philosophy, financially supports Marx | 46 | |
| 777727845 | Execution of Louis XVI | Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with | 47 | |
| 777727846 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions | 48 | |
| 777727847 | Indian National Congress | group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule | 49 | |
| 777727848 | intolerable acts | series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party | 50 | |
| 777727849 | The Jewel in the Crown | India=Britains prized possesion | 51 | |
| 777727850 | Mahmut II | Ottoman sultan; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents. | 52 | |
| 777727851 | Karl Marx | founder of modern communism | 53 | |
| 777727852 | Maxim guns | first automatic machine gun that gave Europeans a huge advantage in fighting African armies | 54 | |
| 777727853 | Meiji Restoration | the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's | 55 | |
| 777727854 | Monroe Doctrine | an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers | 56 | |
| 777727855 | Muhammad Ali | controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848. | 57 | |
| 777727856 | Muslim League | an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations | 58 | |
| 777727857 | Napoleon Bonaparte | general; Emperor of France; he seized power in a coup d'état in 1799; he led French armies in conquering much of Europe | 59 | |
| 777727858 | Open Door Policy | American approach to China around 1900, favoring open trade relations between China and other nations | 60 | |
| 777727859 | Panama Canal | connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914. | 61 | |
| 777727860 | Opium Wars | conflict between Britain and China in 1839 over the Opium trade | 62 | |
| 777727861 | The Raj | the British rule of India | 63 | |
| 777727862 | Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed | 64 | |
| 777727863 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa | 65 | |
| 777727864 | Rudyard Kipling | British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism | 66 | |
| 777727865 | Russification | the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire | 67 | |
| 777727866 | Russo-Japanese War | a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea. | 68 | |
| 777727867 | Scramble for Africa | the European's flurry of colonializations in Africa. | 69 | |
| 777727868 | Sepoy Mutiny | an 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India | 70 | |
| 777727869 | Seven Years War | worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land | 71 | |
| 777727870 | Sino-Japanese War | a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory | 72 | |
| 777727871 | Spanish American War | in 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence | 73 | |
| 777727872 | Spheres of Influence | areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly | 74 | |
| 777727873 | Suez Canal | a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea | 75 | |
| 777727874 | The State Duma of Russia | first introduced in 1906 and was Russia's first elected parliament. | 76 | |
| 777727875 | steam engine | external-combustion engine in which heat is used to raise steam which either turns a turbine or forces a piston to move up and down in a cylinder | 77 | |
| 777727876 | Taiping Rebellion | the most destructive civil war before the twentieth century; a Christian rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 78 | |
| 777727877 | unequal treaties | trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits | 79 | |
| 777727878 | Otto von Bismarck | German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united (1815-1898) | 80 | |
| 777727879 | Wealth of Nations | British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics. | 81 | |
| 777727880 | White Man's Burden | idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized | 82 | |
| 777727881 | Witte Industrialization Program | 1892 - Russian attempt to modernize and industrialize Russia to make the country more competitive with other nations. | 83 | |
| 777727882 | Young Turks Party | a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early twentieth century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire | 84 | |
| 777727883 | abolitionists | people who believed that slavery should be against the law | 85 | |
| 777727884 | balance of power | distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong | 86 | |
| 777727885 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. | 87 | |
| 777727886 | bourgeoisie | the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people | 88 | |
| 777727887 | Count Camillo di Cavour | named prime minister in 1852 by King Victor Emmanuel, he led the northern troops to victory and unification of Italy in 1861 | 89 | |
| 777727888 | conservatives | like to stick to the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose change | 90 | |
| 777727889 | liberals | people who generally favor government action and view change as progress | 91 | |
| 777727890 | radicals | those who favor extreme change | 92 | |
| 777727891 | federalist system | powers shared by the government and its subunits | 93 | |
| 777727892 | gens de couleur | free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. | 94 | |
| 777727893 | Father Miguel Hidalgo Y Costilla | priest who led the first major Mexican revolt against Spanish rule in 1810 | 95 | |
| 777727894 | Augustine Iterbide | changes sides after he defeats Jose Morelos. He fight for the power for the Creoles and in 1821 Mexico is free from Spain. | 96 | |
| 777727895 | junta | a military group ruling a country after seizing power | 97 | |
| 777727896 | Louis XVI | king of France-executed for treason by the National Convention-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette. | 98 | |
| 777727897 | Napoleonic Code | French civil code established in the early 1800s; basis of many civil codes today and still remains France's civil code | 99 | |
| 777727898 | National Assembly | a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people | 100 | |
| 777727899 | Jose de San Martin | South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru | 101 | |
| 777727900 | Alexis de Tocqueville | French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859) | 102 | |
| 777727901 | Francois Dominque Toussaint L'Ouverture | leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. | 103 | |
| 777727902 | George Washington | commander of the Continental Army | 104 | |
| 777727903 | Battle of Waterloo | this was the battle that Napoleon lost after his return from Elba that ended his reign as French ruler | 105 | |
| 777727904 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women | 106 | |
| 777727905 | break-of-bulk | a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. | 107 | |
| 777727906 | cult of domesticity | idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands | 108 | |
| 777727907 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates | 109 | |
| 777727908 | electric telegraph | a device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. | 110 | |
| 777727909 | Samuel Gompers | led the AFL (American Federation of Labor), a skilled craft union, fought for wages and working conditions, they went on strike, boycotted and used collective bargaining | 111 | |
| 777727910 | interchangeable parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring | 112 | |
| 777727911 | mass production | the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques) | 113 | |
| 777727912 | proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | 114 | |
| 777727913 | utopian socialism | ideal society based on socialist ideals-Louis Blanc and Charles Fourier | 115 | |
| 777727914 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) | 116 | |
| 777727915 | Josiah Wedgewood | (1759) opened pottery business that mass-produced high quality porcelain at a low cost | 117 | |
| 777727916 | Eli Whitney | United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) | 118 | |
| 777727917 | the Bully of the North | the US was called this by the Latin Americans | 119 | |
| 777727918 | caudillos | military rulers who emerged in new republics across latin america | 120 | |
| 777727919 | Porfirio Diaz | a dictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foriegn companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants | 121 | |
| 777727920 | Dominion of Canada | the loose confederation of Ontario(upper Canada), Quebec(lower Canada), Nove Scotia, and New Brunswich, created by teh british North America Act in 1867 | 122 | |
| 777727921 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939) | 123 | |
| 777727922 | isolationism | a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations | 124 | |
| 777727923 | isolationist policy | a policy of abstaining from an active role in international affairs or alliances, which characterized US foreign policy toward Europe during most of the 1800's | 125 | |
| 777727924 | Andrew Jackson | 7th president of the US; successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815; expanded the power of the presidency | 126 | |
| 777727925 | Benito Juarez | Mexican national hero; brought liberal reforms to Mexico, including separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an educational system for all of Mexico | 127 | |
| 777727926 | La Reforma | a liberal reform movement in 19th-century Mexico, led by Benito Juarez | 128 | |
| 777727927 | Jose Antonio Paez | Venezulean soldier who led Simon Bolivar's cavalry force. | 129 | |
| 777727928 | presidential system | a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other | 130 | |
| 777727929 | personalist rulers | rulers that became so due to their charismatic influence and personality | 131 | |
| 777727930 | regionalism | a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas | 132 | |
| 777727931 | romanticisim | reaction against the Enlightenment, nature, simplicity and the ideal | 133 | |
| 777727932 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | strongman leader in buenos aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy. | 134 | |
| 777727933 | Washington's Farewell Address | warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism. | 135 | |
| 777727934 | anarchists | people who oppose organized government | 136 | |
| 777727935 | Bolsheviks | a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917 | 137 | |
| 777727936 | Boxer Revellion | revolt by China secret society to drive foreigners out | 138 | |
| 777727937 | Canton System | restricted all foreign trade to the port of Canton (trading season) | 139 | |
| 777727938 | Catherine the Great | Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796) | 140 | |
| 777727939 | Crimean War | conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 141 | |
| 777727940 | cult of the emperor | a propaganda move that glorified the Emperor and he became a symbol of Japanese power, but he still didn't have power | 142 | |
| 777727941 | Decembrist Revolt | abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825 | 143 | |
| 777727942 | democratic centralism | a form of democracy in which the true interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests. | 144 | |
| 777727943 | Duma | Russian national legislature | 145 | |
| 777727944 | Holy Alliance | a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the congress of Vienna | 146 | |
| 777727945 | Hong Xiuquan | was a village school teacher, proved both inspiration and leadership for the Taiping rebellion. Wanted destruction of the Qing dynasty. | 147 | |
| 777727946 | intelligentsia | intellectuals; members of the educated elite (often used derogatorily) | 148 | |
| 777727947 | V.I. Lenin | led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia | 149 | |
| 777727948 | marble boat | Empress Dowager Cixi spent millions of dollars to have parties on the boat. All the money was supposed to go to the Chinese Navy. | 150 | |
| 777727949 | Leninism | revision of Marxism that held that Russia need not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism | 151 | |
| 777727950 | Mccartney mission | Lord McCartney went to China as head of British diplomatic mission to get China to trade with Britain, failed when misunderstandings led to problems | 152 | |
| 777727951 | most favored-nation status | agreement to offer a trading partner the lowest tariff rate offered to other trading partners | 153 | |
| 777727952 | Florence Nightingale | English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War (1820-1910) | 154 | |
| 777727953 | Matthew Perry | commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa | 155 | |
| 777727954 | "black ships" | Japanese name for the American steam ships. Called this because of the black smoke coming out of them | 156 | |
| 777727955 | Revolution of 1911 | the revolution that resulted in China being turned into a republic soon after the death of Ci Xi | 157 | |
| 777727956 | Revolution of 1905 | result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. | 158 | |
| 777727957 | Russia's "official nationality" | The motto, "orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality" where it was the dominant ideological doctrine from emperor Nicholas I. | 159 | |
| 777727958 | self-strengthening movement | late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | 160 | |
| 777727959 | Sun Yat-sen | this man was a radical Chinese reformer who sought to overthrow the government | 161 | |
| 777727960 | Tanzimat | A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model | 162 | |
| 777727961 | Trans-Siberian Railroad | constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role. | 163 | |
| 777727962 | Treaty of Nanking | a treaty with Britain and China that gave Hong Kong to Britain and opened 4 cities for trade | 164 | |
| 777727963 | vanguard of the revolution | a group of revolutionary leaders who could provoke the revolution in non-capitalist Russia | 165 | |
| 777727964 | What is to be Done? | Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution. | 166 | |
| 777727965 | the Young Turks | Nationalists who wanted Turkey to adopt western-style governments. | 167 | |
| 777727966 | zemstvoes | local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave middle- class professionals experience in government but did not influence national policy. | 168 | |
| 777727967 | Bessemer steel converter | an important innovation that allowed iron ore to be converted to steel efficiently | 169 | |
| 777727968 | company men | British who lived in India for the EIC who were to protect factories and warehouses | 170 | |
| 777727969 | Captain James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779) | 171 | |
| 777727970 | The Origin of Species | 1859: Charles Darwin's book explained how various species evolve over time and only those with advantages can survive and reproduce | 172 | |
| 777727971 | Thomas Edison | American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. | 173 | |
| 777727972 | colonial imperialism | actual occupation and rule of a territory or colony by a foreign nation | 174 | |
| 777727973 | political imperialism | dominant country uses diplomacy or military forces to influence the internal affairs | 175 | |
| 777727974 | economic imperialism | independent but less developed nation that is controlled by private business interests rather than by other govts. | 176 | |
| 777727975 | social-cultural imperialism | imperialism that influences a local territory to adopt mother country values and customs | 177 | |
| 777727976 | Indian Civil Service | bureaucrats in India; government jobs were usually staffed by British; Indians eventually gain some of these positions | 178 | |
| 777727977 | David Livingstone | Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) | 179 | |
| 777727978 | nawabs | a Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. | 180 | |
| 777727979 | Cecil Rhodes | born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. | 181 | |
| 777727980 | Rammohun Roy | an Indian who pushed for reforms by combining Hinduism and western thought, promoted Indian nationalism | 182 | |
| 777727981 | scientific racism | the use of scientific theories to support or validate racist attitudes or worldviews; also, to support classification of human beings into distinct biological races | 183 | |
| 777727982 | sepoys | Indian troops who served in the British army | 184 | |
| 777727983 | settlement colonies | colonies that many people migrated to from the mother country | 185 | |
| 777727984 | Herbert Spencer | English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903) | 186 | |
| 777727985 | Shaka | a Zulu chief in 1816 who used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. | 187 | |
| 777727986 | Henry Stanley | the man that found David Livingstone after he had been presumably lost in Africa and later took up his work | 188 | |
| 777727987 | tropical dependencies | Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations | 189 |
