Terms : Hide Images
| 8966079299 | Agriculture Revolution | 0 | ||
| 8966079300 | Industrial Revolution | 1 | ||
| 8966082371 | Monet | 2 | ||
| 8966098470 | Railroads | 3 | ||
| 8966098471 | Traditional Economy | Limits on Agricultural development were historically dependent on nature. | 4 | |
| 8966105488 | Open Field Farming | The co-operation among the inhabitants of a manor house and their individually housed village of farmers. | 5 | |
| 8966108150 | Communal Agriculture | Agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise. | 6 | |
| 8966114052 | Population | From 1700 to 1800 the population had doubled due to the increase in food (and decrease of death) | 7 | |
| 8966140797 | Capitalism | Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. | 8 | |
| 8966143166 | Subsistence Farming | Self-sufficiency farming system in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their entire families. The output is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus trade. | 9 | |
| 8966148419 | Commercial Farming | farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market. | 10 | |
| 8966148420 | Enclosure | Refers to the consolidation of land, usually for the stated purpose of making it more productive. Initial step towards the agricultural revolution. | 11 | |
| 9059341181 | Common Land | Owned collectively by a number of persons, or by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel. | 12 | |
| 8966153682 | Enclosure Act | Creation of legal property rights to land that was previously common in the open fields and common land of Great Britain. | 13 | |
| 9059292361 | Fallow | A plowed and harrowed field left unsown for a period in order to restore its fertility as part of a crop rotation. | 14 | |
| 8966153683 | Fodder Crops | Valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption. It returns nutrients to the soil, shortening the time the field needs to be fallow. Act as grazing for animals, who then fertilize the soil. | 15 | |
| 9059302705 | Four Crop Rotation | A system used to maximize the food output of a field. Used both crops for human consumption, and fodder crops. Typically wheat, turnips, barley and clover. | 16 | |
| 8966162053 | Agricultural Surplus | Being able to produce more food than a population needs to survive. Means that there are more people and that there is more time for workers to produce things other that food. | 17 | |
| 8966169990 | Textiles | Type of cloth or woven fabric. The first major industry. | 18 | |
| 8966174997 | Cottage Industry | Rural Manufacturing. The rural population with an agricultural surplus began turning raw materials into fabric (textiles.) Phase one of the Industrial Revolution. Also known as the "Putting-Out System." | 19 | |
| 9059228869 | Capital | Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing. | 20 | |
| 9059233380 | Economic Surplus | Meeting the supplying demand of consumers while simultaneously selling the product for above market price, hence making profit. |  | 21 |
| 9059513222 | Industrial Revolution Phase 2 | The replacement of animal muscle by hydraulic and mineral energy. Britain First. | 22 | |
| 9059521549 | Hydraulic Energy | Water/steam power. | 23 | |
| 9059523418 | Mineral Energy | Power from coal. | 24 | |
| 9059548397 | Shallow Coal Reserves | Gave Britain a significant edge in their industrial development. Made for easy access to minerals, and provided jobs for people who didn't need to farm. | 25 | |
| 9059587935 | Britain's Aquatic Advantage | Water proved to be a blessing for the isolated development of Great Britain. It provided protection from invasion, allowed for their naval advancement, supplied hydraulic power for their mills, and there was an abundance of wide rivers (natural and man made) for transport. | 26 | |
| 9059692744 | Bank of England | A reliable system that provided the necessary capital (loans for projects) in order to make industrialization possible. | 27 | |
| 9059951843 | Mining | Extremely dangerous. Constant threat of groundwater and natural gas explosions. Provided work for men, woman, and children alike for varying wages. Lowered life expectancy. 12+ hour work days. | 28 | |
| 9059964622 | Black Lung | Poor ventilation in mines created long-term health problems. The air underground contained high levels of coal dust. | 29 | |
| 9059983292 | Laissez-Faire Capitalism | Economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies. | 30 | |
| 9244850073 | James Watt | Inventor of the steam engine. | 31 | |
| 9244853893 | The Spinning Jenny | Changed the way cotton was spun and could mass produce fabric. | 32 | |
| 9244877774 | Choo Choo Trains | Designed for moving coal, but there was value in transporting people as well. Connected European cities and sped up travel exponentially. Built by wealthy private investors. Leading employer, even over factories. | 33 | |
| 9244908221 | Phase 1 of the Industrial Revolution | Driven by consumer goods. | 34 | |
| 9244911991 | Phase 2 of the Industrial Revolution | Driven by the transportation of raw materials and finished goods. | 35 | |
| 9244920168 | George Stevenson | Father of the modern railroad. His "rocket" could pull 3x it's weight and go 30 miles per hour. | 36 | |
| 9244932715 | First Modern Railroad | Opened in 1830 from Liverpool to Manchester. | 37 | |
| 9244993326 | Josiah Wedgwood | Studied the structure of business. Wanted to improve the manufacturing of ceramics. Advertised his pottery as "Queen's Ware" to make it appealing to women. It was cheap, but looked pretty. | 38 | |
| 9244996841 | Human Labor | Seen as living machinery. Employing families was preferred for cheaper wages, and so parents could act as supervisors over their children. Workers also married younger due to their ability to hold a job and get income from younger ages. | 39 | |
| 9245048440 | Robert Owen | Mill manager at age 19. Believed that in order to improve work quality, work place quality had to be improved as well. He was struck that machines were cared for better than people. Inventor of Mill Towns. | 40 | |
| 9245059839 | Mill Towns | Invented by Robert Owen, theses are settlements that developed around one or more mills or factories, usually cotton mills or factories producing textiles. | 41 | |
| 9245084875 | Factory Act of 1833 | Prohibited factory labor for children under the age of 9. Children under the age of 13 were required to attend 2 hours of daily education. 12 hour maximum work days. Put into motion to insure that children could still reproduce effectively and make more factory workers. | 42 | |
| 9245112250 | Ten Hours Act 1847 | 10 hour maximum work day. | 43 | |
| 9245117561 | Mines Act 1842 | Prohibited labor of women and children in underground mines, so that they could effectively make more workers. | 44 | |
| 9245126707 | Public Health Act 1848 | Implemented health boards and examinations for the poor. | 45 | |
| 9245134952 | Vaccination Acts | Series of legislative acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom regarding the vaccination policy of the country. | 46 | |
| 9248857686 | Expansion of Wealth | 47 | ||
| 9248884773 | British Miracle | Phrase referring to Britain while it was industrializing. This was important because Britain was the first nation to industrialize. | 48 | |
| 9248910937 | Entrepreneur | A person that organizes and manages a company/enterprise with a considerable amount of readiness and risk. | 49 | |
| 9248935461 | Impressionism | A method of painting by using small brush strokes and bright colors. | 50 | |
| 9248940399 | Claude Monet | He is the father of impressionism. His works include "Impression, Sunrise", "Still Life", "Water Lilies" and more. | 51 | |
| 9248943884 | Modernism | Adherence to what is modern (art-wise); Catholic movement where the Church's teachings were interpreted with a more philosophic or scientific point of view. | 52 | |
| 9248958061 | Realism | Type of art or philosophy is based on what is real, or what you know for sure and like what you see; Not abstract. | 53 | |
| 9249054344 | French Railroads | Funded by the government due to the lack of capital found in France. | 54 | |
| 9249125978 | Zollverien | Customs Union. Coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories. Designed to eliminate the sense of division between the Holy Roman States that were separated by law differences, currencies, and customs. | 55 | |
| 9249191753 | Lands that Time Forgot | States that didn't industrialize. Lacked natural resources. Poor roads and waterways. Geographical obstacles. | 56 | |
| 9249223330 | Tariff | A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports. | 57 | |
| 9249278711 | Neoclassicism | "New Classics." Revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music. Valued order, solemnity, calmness and rationalism. Subjects often included greek and roman mythology. Morally uplifting and inspirational. | 58 | |
| 9249346466 | Jaques-Louis David | Neoclassicist. Imitated Greek and Roman art to inspire the new French Republic. Friend of Robespierre. Head of Napoleon's art program. Painted the "Death of Marat" and "Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine." | 59 | |
| 9249398717 | Quadruple Alliance | Comprised of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Created in November 1815 to protect the continent against France. | 60 | |
| 9249431554 | Quintuple Alliance | France was added in 1818 to avoid war amongst the great powers of the European continent. | 61 | |
| 9249434604 | Holy Alliance | Began by Tsar Alexander I to protect Christianity from Muslims. Comprised of Prussia, Russia, and Austria. | 62 | |
| 9249626632 | Photography | Invented 1830. Had actual evidence of what things and people looked like. | 63 | |
| 9249637746 | Urban Miseries | Massive urban population. Lots of immigrants gathered together (china town etc). Workers were poorly paid. People migrated to cities to find work. Many women turned to prostitution to make money (increase in STDs). Exponential crime growth. Modern police introduced. | 64 | |
| 9257384844 | Deserving Poor | Term used in the 1830s to describe the sick, the old, and children who couldn't physically generate their own income. | 65 | |
| 9257393974 | Undeserving Poor | In good condition, but out of work. | 66 | |
| 9257403048 | Revolutions of 1830 | The "Forgotten Revolutions."Included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with revolutions in Congress Poland and Switzerland. | 67 | |
| 9257411005 | Thomas Malthus | Social Darwinist. Argued that natural forces would keep the population from outgrowing it's resources. | 68 | |
| 9257424319 | Social Darwinism | Theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. | 69 | |
| 9257433600 | Revolutions of 1848 | Series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily, and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. | 70 | |
| 9257450095 | Blue Books | Reported the abusive treatment of workers in mines and factories. | 71 | |
| 9257527489 | Consumerism | Social and economic order and ideology that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. | 72 | |
| 9257531710 | Victorian Age | The British Empire at its height. 20 June 1837 until the Queen's death on 22 January 1901. | 73 | |
| 9257534764 | Queen Victoria I | Became Queen of Britain at age 18. Model of domestic bliss. Wife to Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and mother to five surviving children. After the death of her husband, she went into mourning for the rest of her life. Parliament will gain strength during her mental absence. | 74 | |
| 9257593889 | The Congress of Vienna | Meeting of ambassadors of European states. Held from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. | 75 | |
| 9258112202 | Louis XVIII | Given the throne after the exile of Napoleon (again). "The Desired", was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. | 76 | |
| 9258131552 | First Peace of Paris | Ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars, following an armistice signed on 23 April between Charles, Count of Artois, and the allies. | 77 | |
| 9258137594 | Second Peace of Paris | 1815, was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte. Post 100 days. Called for France to pay indemnity of 700 million. Coalition of 150,000 troops set to defend from French revolts until word of Napoleon's death. Required France to return stolen treasures. | 78 | |
| 9258829494 | Prince Klemens Von Metternich | Austrian minister of foreign affairs. Attended the Congress of Vienna. Hated Talleyrand. Believed stability would come with the return of the way it was before the French Revolution. | 79 | |
| 9258839350 | Viscount Castlereagh | British foreign secretary. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 80 | |
| 9258843597 | Charles Maurice de Talleyrand | French minister of foreign affairs. Hated Metternich. Attended the Congress of Vienna. Went from a Catholic Bishop, to a French Revolution supporter, to living in America (during the reign of terror), to working with Napoleon, to working with Louis XVIII. | 81 | |
| 9258846125 | Alexander I | Russian Tsar. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 82 | |
| 9258859557 | Fredrick William III | Prussian King. Attended the Congress of Vienna. | 83 | |
| 9258870138 | 3 Guiding Principals of the Congress of Vienna | Compensation for Napoleon's crap; Restoration of the legitimate royal families to the overtaken thrones; Balance of Power. Europe will go nearly 100 years without a major continental war between multiple great powers. | 84 | |
| 9258888714 | Buffer States | Low countries set up to prevent expansion of powers. The Netherlands (William I), Switzerland, and Sardinia&Corsica united with the piedmont to buffer France. | 85 | |
| 9258911041 | Liberalism | Political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Embraced by the bourgeoisie/middle class. Believed in the freedom of the individual. Built on enlightened rationalism. Embraced right to vote, legal equality, constitutional government and free market economy. Preferred small, weak governments. Heavy in Britain and USA. | 86 | |
| 9259009240 | Jeremy Bentham | Founder of utilitarianism. Believed that the greatest happiness lied in the greatest numbers. The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few. | 87 | |
| 9259018564 | John Stewart Mill | Greatest liberal thinker. Believed in equality for women, and supported the idea of birth control. Espoused reforms for the poor. Questioned the sacredness of private property. Believed in wealth distribution and living wages. | 88 | |
| 9259029204 | Nationalism | Political doctrine that glorified the people. Against absolute monarchy. Often made up of liberals. Pride in ones nation. National identity. | 89 | |
| 9259085821 | Romanticism | Literary and artistic movement. Encompasses human emotions. Valued feeling over reasoning. Emotion over logic. Gardens became less geometrical to find the beauty in free nature. | 90 | |
| 9259089677 | William Wordsworth | First Romantic poet. | 91 | |
| 9259100894 | Victor Hugo | French writer. Les Miserables (1848 Revolutions). | 92 | |
| 9259108004 | Goethe, Faust | Book about a man who sells his soul to the devil | 93 | |
| 9259111064 | Romantic Composors | Works evoke human emotion instead of focussing on mathematical perfection. (Chopin) | 94 | |
| 9259124531 | Eugene Delacroix; JMW Turner | Rebellious experimentation with color. Rejected classical conventions and forms. Shaped a new way of looking at the world and defined new political consciousness. | 95 | |
| 9259135427 | Conservatism | Stressed the corporate nature of European society. Preferred the old ways. Wealthy nobility that agreed with the old regime. | 96 | |
| 9259146287 | Socialism | Economic theory that society or the government as a whole should control the means of production, such as factories and land (government controls the money). The opposite of capitalism. Wanted to eliminate private ownership. Powerful government and smaller wage gap. Embraced by the working class. | 97 | |
| 9262385503 | Henri de Saint-Simon | Father of French socialism. Rejected liberalism and capitalism. Valued workers. Believed society should be organized by productivity. Work is a social duty. Narrow the wage gap. Women's equality. | 98 | |
| 9262406072 | Joseph Proudhon | French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. Believed in wealth distribution and profit sharing. Limited possession (anti-capitalist). Anti-government. | 99 | |
| 9262425201 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist. Believed poverty would lead to class warfare and socialist revolution. Author of the Communist Manifesto. | 100 | |
| 9262427341 | Friedrich Engels | German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman. Author of the Communist Manifesto. Friend of Karl Marx. | 101 | |
| 9262458794 | Proletariat | Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism). | 102 | |
| 9262473065 | Workers of the World Unite | Political slogan. One of the most famous rallying cries from the Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A variation of this phrase is also inscribed on Marx's tombstone. | 103 | |
| 9262489315 | Hammer and Sickle | Symbols of the industrial worker and the peasant used as the emblem of the former Soviet Union and of international communism. | 104 | |
| 9262505265 | Progression According to Marx | Feudalism, Mercantilism, Capitalism, Socialism, Socialist Revolution, (ultimate goal) Communism. | 105 | |
| 9262546719 | Communism | Society without class distinctions or private property. Goods should be owned in common and available to all. Ultimate goal for Karl Marx. An unrealistic expectation of human kind. | 106 | |
| 9262563243 | Marxism-Leninism | Totalitarian system of government in which a single authoritarian party controls state-owned means of production with the professed aim of establishing a stateless and perfect society. | 107 | |
| 9262590170 | 1830 France | Governmental failure to respond to grievances following poor harvests and 1829 winter led to revolutions. All people demanded a voice in governmental affairs. Food prices rose 75% in Paris. | 108 | |
| 9262598968 | Charles X | Brother of Louis XVIII. King after Louis death. Ignored the constitution, and attempted to re establish absolutism in France. | 109 | |
| 9262619897 | May 1830 | Charles X dissolved the chamber of deputies and ordered new elections, which resulted in the election of more liberals (who were unfavorable to the king). | 110 | |
| 9262646480 | Four Ordinances | Charles X's retaliation. Censored the press; changed electoral laws to favor his candidates; dissolved newly elected chamber; ordered new elections for the chamber. | 111 | |
| 9262683847 | Three Glorious Days | The people pulled down the Bourbon Regime, and Charles X fled to England. People demanded a republic, but lacked the organization and political skills. Louis-Philippe was placed on the French throne as a constitutional monarch. | 112 | |
| 9262711446 | Louis-Philippe | Cousin of Charles X. Placed on the French throne as a constitutional monarch by the bourgeoisie during the three glorious days in 1830. Fled to Britain during the 1848 revolutions. | 113 | |
| 9262730631 | 1830 Britan | Riots over grain prices and distribution. No revolution followed. | 114 | |
| 9262733632 | 1830 Germany | Workers began breaking machines in protest of low wages. Polish revolts were crushed by Russia. Italy revolted against Austria. | 115 | |
| 9262749016 | Phil-Hellinics | "Lovers of Greece." Numbers grew as Turks and Ottomans committed atrocities against the Greeks. Britain, France, and Russia signed a treaty to help the Greeks, and the three powers declared Greek independence. Decision supported by the Congress of Vienna and territorial stability. | 116 | |
| 9263578428 | Belgium Revolts | Ended int the 5 powers granting Belgium their independence. | 117 | |
| 9263590401 | Forgotten Revolutions | The Revolutions of 1830. Demonstrated how closely the European states were tied together. Tested the agreements made at the Congress of Vienna. Proved the Great Powers could compromise. Demonstrated the vulnerability of international politics to domestic instability. Demonstrated growing awareness of politics at all levels of European society. | 118 | |
| 9263791002 | People's Charter | 1838 Britain. All men have the right to vote. Favored direct democracy. | 119 | |
| 9263807648 | Chartism | UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837-48, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People's Charter. | 120 | |
| 9263846356 | 1846 | Last major food famine in continental Europe (excluding Russia). Changed the political atmosphere. Food crisis and political activism provided initiative for a revolution. A.k.a the 1848 Revolutions. | 121 | |
| 9263971817 | French Revolution of 1848 | Began with the cancellation of a political banquet which ended in violence. Hungry troops joined with the hungry citizens. Resulted in Louis Philippe fleeing to Britain, and the development of the Second French Republic. | 122 | |
| 9264219101 | Second French Republic | Short-lived republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire. | 123 | |
| 9270388846 | General Louis Cavaignac | French general who put down a massive rebellion (without mass slaughter) in Paris in 1848, known as the June Days Uprising. Ruled France as a military during the construction of the constitution and elections for the Second Republic. He's a good person who doesn't try to hold onto power. | 124 | |
| 9270470659 | Frankfurt Assembly | May 1848. 38 German states attempted to unify, and tried to create a constitutional monarchy. But the attempt to unify crumbled when Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia refused to accept the crown, as he preferred to "earn" it. | 125 | |
| 9270503945 | Friedrich Wilhelm IV | King of Prussia in 1848. Refused to accept the crown over a unified Germany. He wanted to conquer, and earn the territory. The states' attempt to unify crumbled. | 126 | |
| 9270529172 | 1848 Austria | Nationalist revolts in Prague, Vienna, and Budapest. Habsburgs faced resistance in Italy. | 127 | |
| 9270548204 | Humiliation of Olmutz | Derived by the powers, this was a document signed by Prussian ministers in order to maintain the balance of power that German unification threatened. | 128 | |
| 9270562950 | Louis Napoleon | Pre-name change. Nephew of Napoleon. Voted president of the Second French Republic. He siezed absolute power over France in 1851. Declared himself emperor of the Second French Empire. | 129 | |
| 9270603800 | Personification of Nations | Language and symbols given to the mother land. They embody the nation. Such as the bald eagle or the statue of liberty. | 130 | |
| 9270638662 | Autocracy | System of government by one person with absolute power. | 131 | |
| 9270632060 | French Model of Political Reform | Technocratic one that emphasized specialized knowledge and progress. Autocratic direction and liberal participation. | 132 | |
| 9270658221 | British Model of Political Reform | Reform fostered through liberal parliamentary democracy. Expanding electorate. | 133 | |
| 9270702061 | Russian Model of Political Reform | Embarked on radical restructuring of society by autocratic means. | 134 | |
| 9270746800 | Duke of Reichstadt | Napoleon's son who died fairly young. Given the title of Napoleon II by his cousin, Louis Napoleon after his death in 1832. | 135 | |
| 9270709560 | Napoleon III | Was old enough to remember the shameful failures of his uncle. Saw it as his duty to re-accomplish everything that was taken away. Gains favor of the people to win the elections of the Second Republic as a dark horse candidate. Seized absolute power with a coup de'eat. Rebuilt Paris. Began work on the Panama Canal. | 136 | |
| 9270852838 | Baron Georges Haussmann | German architect of modern Paris. | 137 | |
| 9270880188 | Second Empire and Mexico | Mexico was unable to repay the money they owed France. Napoleon III decides to try to take over Mexico and reestablish footholds in the Americas. He puts a loyal idiot on the throne that hates mexico/ans. He lost Mexico after removing his French troops for the Franco-Prussian War. | 138 | |
| 9270917034 | Archduke Maximilian | Austrian placed on the Mexican throne by Napoleon III. He hated Mexico and the feeling was mutual. When Napoleon III pulled troops from Mexico, he and his wife were executed by firing squad in 1867. | 139 | |
| 9270933355 | Second Empire | Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. Defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War marked the end of the system. | 140 | |
| 9270953443 | Fall of the Second Empire | September 2, 1870 marked the defeat of France by Prussian in the Franco-Prussian War. Napoleon III and 100,000 troops were taken prisoner. | 141 | |
| 9270966606 | Siege of Paris | Paris refused to believe that their Emperor had been taken prisoner by Germans. They refused to surrender after the end of the Franco-Prussian War. 2 German armies went ham on Paris for 4 months, losing as few germans as possible. They tried to starve them out, but they ate all of the remaining food, and dogs, cats, rats, horses, birds, and the zoo. Germans bombarded them for 3 weeks steady, then left. | 142 | |
| 9271012664 | Third French Republic | Made in Versailles during the Siege of Paris. | 143 | |
| 9271380763 | March 1871 | French soldiers attempted to disarm Parisians. They freaked out and lock themselves inside the city. Civil Siege. | 144 | |
| 9271388858 | Paris Commune | Government established by the Parisians after the Franco-Prussian war. The system demonstrated the power of nationalism, and made clear the power of the state in the event of a revolution. | 145 | |
| 9271401114 | Mazzini | Italian politician, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. Leader of "young italy." | 146 | |
| 9271410313 | Count Cavour | Opportunistic politician and real politique. Understood that for Italy to be powerful, the states had to unite. Understood that unification could be achieved with diplomatic manipulation. Premier for the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia under Carlo Alberto. Instrumental in the forming of Italy. Died before he could see the boot unite. | 147 | |
| 9271471818 | Carlo Alberto | King of Piedmont-Sardinia. Failed to take Lombardy from Austria. Father of Victor Emmanuel II. | 148 | |
| 9271514500 | Victor Emmanuel II | Son of Carlo Alberto. King of Piedmont-Sardinia. Unified Italy from the North. | 149 | |
| 9271528227 | Treaty of Plomieres | Agreement between Piedmont and France. France took Nice and Savoy, Piedmont took Lombardy. | 150 | |
| 9271604994 | Italian Unification | Took place under the influences of Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel II. Many territories joined willingly. Ended with a bow, and the boot was unified. | 151 | |
| 9271639956 | Garibaldi | "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in Brazil, Uruguay and Europe. He personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the Italian unification. Bowed to Victor Emmanuel II to peacefully unify Italy without spilling the blood of any Italians. Unified Italy from the South. | 152 | |
| 9271658928 | Francois II | King of Naples. Hated by his people. Taken over and exiled by Garibaldi. | 153 | |
| 9271658929 | The Thousand | Also known as the Red Shirts. Corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. | 154 | |
| 9271677168 | The Victorian Compromise | The Victorian period was a time of contradiction, On the one hand there was the progress brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the rising wealth of the upper and middle classes and the expanding power of Britain and its empire; on the other hand there was the poverty, disease, deprivation and injustice faced by the working classes. | 155 | |
| 9271708884 | Universal Male Suffrage | Implemented in Britain in 1832. | 156 | |
| 9271714161 | William Gladstone | British Prime Minister. Classic liberal who believed in free markets with little government intervention. Made education and military reforms. Liberal government sought to protect democracy through education. | 157 | |
| 9271725738 | Benjamin Disareli | Conservative British leader. Supported state intervention. Son of a Jewish immigrant. Insisted on traditions like the House of Commons. Queen Victoria named him first Earl of Beaconsfield. | 158 | |
| 9271744073 | Great Exhibition | International exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. Took place in the Crystal Palace. | 159 | |
| 9271755324 | Realism | Arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic, and supernatural elements. | 160 | |
| 9271760329 | Charles Darwin | Synthesizer. Had great finds in South America, especially in the Galapagos Islands. Observed the natural world. Survival of the fittest and natural selection. On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection. | 161 | |
| 9277569509 | The Crimean War | Military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia. | 162 | |
| 9277587797 | 1800's Russia | Greatest military numbers. Policemen of Europe. Wanted to expand into the Balkins for that warm water port, and so that they couldn't be locked into the bay in the event of a war. Wanted the Dardanelles. | 163 | |
| 9277606423 | Sick Man of Europe | Nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire | 164 | |
| 9277611629 | Dardanelles | Narrow, natural strait and internationally-significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Europe and Asia. | 165 | |
| 9277781188 | DO NOT FORGET | to finish this before you start studying for the bigass final in may | 166 |
