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| 3867916484 | Astrolabe | An instrument invented by Muslims that is used to determine direction by figuring out the position of the stars. | 0 | |
| 3867920162 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 1 | |
| 3867921959 | Circumnavigation | going completely around the earth | 2 | |
| 3867924463 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 3 | |
| 3867924464 | Compass | an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the geographic "cardinal directions" | 4 | |
| 3867933434 | Dutch United East India Company | Dutch trading company that relied on private merchants to advance funds for launch. A charted company in the east indies and netherlands. The company took over the spice island in the 1600s. | 5 | |
| 3867938732 | English East India Company | an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India. | 6 | |
| 3867972869 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 7 | |
| 3867974505 | Galleon | old Spanish sailing ship | 8 | |
| 3867976523 | Immunities | Traditionally, government entities, charities, and family members were immune from liability. | 9 | |
| 3867977594 | James Cook | English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779). | 10 | |
| 3867980702 | Lateen Sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade | 11 | |
| 3867981805 | Middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 12 | |
| 3867983066 | Northwest Passage | A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. | 13 | |
| 3867985780 | Seven Years War | (1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 14 | |
| 3867988637 | Siberia | The northeastern sector of Asia or the Eastern half of Russia. | 15 | |
| 3867991309 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 16 | |
| 3867993121 | 30 Years War | (1618-1648) This war resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire; *Defenestration of Prague* was a spark; war led to severe depopulation | 17 | |
| 3867995656 | 95 Theses | It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church. | 18 | |
| 3868001948 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. | 19 | |
| 3868006533 | Anglican Church | church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases | 20 | |
| 3868007994 | Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital | 21 | |
| 3868009202 | Charles V | This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation | 22 | |
| 3868010650 | Copernicus | 1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution. | 23 | |
| 3868014399 | Council of Trent | A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers. | 24 | |
| 3868016647 | Diet at Worms | A court in Germany that Pope Leo X called to force Luther to recant his posting of the 95 theses. Pope Leo X said if Luther didn't recant then he was going to be excommunicated. Luther didn't. Justification by Faith meant that you go to heaven based on your beliefs and faith, not the Roman Catholic Church's approval of you. Luther said: "Tell me that what I said is not biblically true." | 25 | |
| 3868017990 | Divine Right | Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. | 26 | |
| 3868019127 | Enlightenment | A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy. | 27 | |
| 3868022816 | Excommunicate | cast out from the church | 28 | |
| 3868024423 | Glorious Revolution | Following the English Civil War, this event involve the British Parliament once again overthrowing their monarch in 1688-1689. James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. Marks the point at which Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful and thus glorious. | 29 | |
| 3868027093 | Heresy | Any belief that is strongly opposed to established beliefs | 30 | |
| 3868027094 | Indulgences | Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. | 31 | |
| 3868028262 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | 32 | |
| 3868030170 | John Calvin | 1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. | 33 | |
| 3868032103 | Joint-Stock Companies | business venture that developed during the 1600s; investors buy shares of stock | 34 | |
| 3868034281 | Kepler | This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun. | 35 | |
| 3868035325 | King Henry VIII | (1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church. | 36 | |
| 3868035326 | Locke | Philosopher who held a different more positive view of human nature. He criticized absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government. He thought all people were born free and equal, with three natural rights. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. | 37 | |
| 3868035327 | Louis XIV | (1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles. | 38 | |
| 3868036622 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 39 | |
| 3868038249 | Montesquieu | (1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government | 40 | |
| 3868039549 | Newton | (1642-1727) An English natural philosopher who studied at Cambridge and eventually developed the laws of movement found among the bodies of Earth. Spent his life dedicated to the study of mathematics (created calculus) and optics. Published Principia Mathematica and discovered the law of universal gravitation. | 41 | |
| 3868039550 | Peace of Westphalia | The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince- whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist- to choose the established creed of his territory (1648) | 42 | |
| 3868040537 | Peter I | Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 43 | |
| 3868040538 | Protestant | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. | 44 | |
| 3868040539 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 45 | |
| 3868042095 | Putting Out System | a system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry | 46 | |
| 3868042096 | Recant | Withdraw, retract, or disavow something one has previously said, esp. formally | 47 | |
| 3868042097 | Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches | 48 | |
| 3868042098 | Versailles | Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility | 49 | |
| 3868044309 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. | 50 | |
| 3868063263 | Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | 51 | |
| 3868063264 | Creoles | Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status. | 52 | |
| 3868063265 | Encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans. | 53 | |
| 3868063266 | Engenho | Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar. | 54 | |
| 3868065084 | Hacienda | A large Spanish-owned estate in the Americas, often run as a farm or a cattle ranch | 55 | |
| 3868065085 | Hispaniola | First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to New World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in New World. | 56 | |
| 3868066248 | Indentured Servant | Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years | 57 | |
| 3868067500 | Indigenous | Native to a certain area | 58 | |
| 3868067516 | Mestizo | A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry. | 59 | |
| 3868069625 | Mita System | To mine, the Spanish relied on voluntary labor, but they used this system to get people to do jobs no one else would. Each year, villages had to send 1/7 of their males to mine for four months. | 60 | |
| 3868069626 | Mulattoes | People of African and European descent | 61 | |
| 3868070890 | Peninsulares | Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class. | 62 | |
| 3868070891 | Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) | 63 | |
| 3868072414 | Smallpox | The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease. | 64 | |
| 3868073714 | Taino | name of native people who lived in hispaniola conquered by columbus | 65 | |
| 3868073715 | Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. | 66 | |
| 3868075226 | Viceroy | representative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the king's name; one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch | 67 | |
| 3868092246 | Ghana Empire | Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory. | 68 | |
| 3868092247 | Mali Empire | From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well. | 69 | |
| 3868093932 | Songhay Empire | A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history. | 70 | |
| 3868093933 | Kingdom of Kongo | Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders. | 71 | |
| 3868093934 | Queen Nzinga | Fiercely resisted the slave trade and battled with the Portugese in Angola, though in the end she failed because of their superior weaponry. | 72 | |
| 3868095612 | Capetown | Originally in a base to provide food for Dutch Ships to Spice Islands, it became an area of moderate climate and freedom from tropical disease that made it attractive to settlers | 73 | |
| 3868095613 | Fulani | Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto. | 74 | |
| 3868095614 | Syncretic Religions | religions, or strands within religions, that combine elements of two or more belief systems. | 75 | |
| 3868096989 | Middle Passage | A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies | 76 | |
| 3868096990 | African Diaspora | The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere. | 77 | |
| 3868098167 | Olaudah Equiano | An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement. | 78 | |
| 3868098168 | Bullion | gold and silver in the form of bars | 79 | |
| 3868099206 | Daimyo | A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun. | 80 | |
| 3868099207 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 81 | |
| 3868099225 | Gentry | A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. | 82 | |
| 3868100762 | Infanticide | the murder of infants | 83 | |
| 3868100763 | Manchu | Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties. | 84 | |
| 3868100764 | Mandarins | elite group of wealthy Confucian scholars who ran the Chinese civil service bureaucracy | 85 | |
| 3868101980 | Ming Dynasty | Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. | 86 | |
| 3868101981 | Qing Dynasty | (1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture, | 87 | |
| 3868103153 | Shoguns | Military leaders of Japan during its feudal era and the actual powers behind the emperor until the Meiji restoration. | 88 | |
| 3868103154 | Tokugawa | this man established a shogunate that would dominate Japan for hundreds of years | 89 | |
| 3868104256 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. | 90 | |
| 3868104257 | Balkans | Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline. | 91 | |
| 3868104258 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire. | 92 | |
| 3868107577 | Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century. | 93 | |
| 3868107578 | Osman | Founder of the Ottoman Empire. | 94 | |
| 3868107579 | Safavid | 1501-1736 CE. Iranian empire established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. Had a mixed culture of Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs. Left their influence by creating and spreading Shi Islam around West Asia. | 95 | |
| 3868107580 | Sikhism | the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam | 96 | |
| 3868110095 | Wahabi | a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia | 97 |
