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| 4328996381 | Self-Determination: | Idea that people with the same ethnic origins, language, and political ideals had the right to form sovereign states. At this point in times, governments ignored this policy and Germans, Italians, and Belgians (Among others) were denied autonomy. Important because nationalistic movements fought for this equality | 0 | |
| 4328999715 | Pan-Slavism: | 19th century movement that stressed the ethnic and cultural kinship of the various Slav people. Important because Russia used this process to contribute to Serbia gaining independence; Russia used it to undermine Austria's power | 1 | |
| 4329001855 | Triple Alliance: | aka the Central Power. Germany, Austria and Hungary. Important because they formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente. | 2 | |
| 4329004379 | Triple Entente: | Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany. Important because they formed an alliance for protection. | 3 | |
| 4329006058 | Central Powers: | Another name for the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, and Hungary) | 4 | |
| 4329008060 | Schlieffen plan: | Called for a swift knock out of France, followed by defense action against France. Seemed like a good plan, however it was important because the logistics didn't work out. | 5 | |
| 4329011482 | Black Hand: | Serbian terrorist group who were linked to the murder of Archduke Ferdinand. Group was dedicated to the unification of all south Slavs, Yugoslavs to form a greater Serbia. | 6 | |
| 4329013597 | No-man's-land: | The deadly territory between opposing trenches. Important because barbed wire helped to ward off bad guys | 7 | |
| 4329015617 | Verdun: | A battle in World War I (1916), France vs. Germany, France led by Nivelle. Poorly defended, Germans lost, lost 700,000 men | 8 | |
| 4329017405 | Somme: | British shelled Germans trying to push back the Germans back. The plan did not work and over 1 million were killed or wounded. | 9 | |
| 4329019893 | Gallipoli: | A battle where the British planned on attacking the Central Power's weakest link; the Ottomans. It was important because it was a devastating defeat, killing 250,000 people on each side. Also it weakened the ties between the British and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. | 10 | |
| 4329022485 | Treaty of Brest Litovsk: | Treaty that ended Russia's involvement in the Great War. Important because it was humiliating for Russia because it gave the Germans, Finland, Poland, and the Ukraine. | 11 | |
| 4329024616 | Lusitania: | The British ship that was torpedoed by Germany. Americans also on the boat were killed. | 12 | |
| 4329026339 | Treaty of Versailles: | blamed the Germans of starting the war, made Germany pay reparations, and reduced Germany's military. Important because this national debt led to German radicals like Hitler. | 13 | |
| 4329031361 | Fourteen Points: | Plan of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting peace at the end of World War 1; although Wilson's views were popular in Europe, his vision largely failed. | 14 | |
| 4329033905 | League of Nations: | International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. | 15 | |
| 4329036149 | Francis Ferdinand: | King of Austo-Hungarian empire who was killed by the Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand. | 16 | |
| 4329038575 | Gavrilo Princip: | Main man in the Black Hand who is responsible for killing Archduke Ferdinand and his wife. | 17 | |
| 4329040798 | Nicholas II: | Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917. He was forced to abdicate his throne after the defeat of the Russo-Japanese war, Sunday Massacre, and major failures in crop production and management of the country. | 18 | |
| 4329043751 | Winston Churchill: | Prime Minister of the UK; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults | 19 | |
| 4329045912 | Mustapha Kemal: | Leader after the fall of the Ottoman empire. He was a Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular | 20 | |
| 4329045913 | T. E. Lawrence: | A British colonel, known as Lawrence of Arabia helped the Arab revolt in early 1917, incited by the British to revolt against the Turkish overlords. | 21 | |
| 4329049154 | Vladimir Ilyich Lenin: | Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed | 22 | |
| 4329052319 | Woodrow Wilson: | President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations | 23 | |
| 4329057684 | Lost generation: | Label given by the writer Gertrude Stein to the group of American intellectuals who gathered in Paris | 24 | |
| 4329059826 | Uncertainty principle: | Theory by Werner Heisenberg that stated, simply by observing behavior, you change the behavior. Important because this age of science created an unsettling reality. | 25 | |
| 4329059827 | Psychoanalysis: | Theory by Sigmund Freud that there is a difference between conscious and unconscious and these are the root of neurological behavior. Also stated that previous traumas may affect you today. Important because there had never been explanations for psychological things like this. | 26 | |
| 4329064812 | Black Thursday: | Thursday, October 29th; the day the New York Stock Exchange fell. Important because this caused the Great Depression | 27 | |
| 4329067342 | Great Depression: | Due to the fall in the NYSE the US economy saw a major downfall; a worldwide economic depression and mass unemployment. This left America starving and poor. In 1932, there was a 35% unemployment rate, 50% decrease in industrial production. | 28 | |
| 4329070016 | New Deal: | FDR's economic revitalization plan. Important because it worked; the spending in WWII ultimately helped stem growth | 29 | |
| 4329071968 | Red Terror: | When Lenin's government captured all whites, and arrested, tried or executed them. Important because it led to 200,000 deaths. | 30 | |
| 4329074344 | War communism: | Hasty, unplanned course of Modernization in Russia. | 31 | |
| 4329076960 | New Economic Policy: | Lenin's reversal policy after War Communism didn't go over too well. It was important because it temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprises in Russia. | 32 | |
| 4329079585 | Five-Year Plans: | Replaced Lenin's NEP by Stalin's new Five-Year Plan. It was a plan of rapid economic development. Important because it worked to change Russia from agricultural to Industrial in a short five year span. | 33 | |
| 4329081762 | Kulaks: | Relatively wealthy peasants who gained wealth during the NEP plan, but only accounted for 3%-5% of the peasantry pop. Important because Collectivization was forced most strongly among them. | 34 | |
| 4329084120 | Collectivization: | Cooperative farms with multiple different families who farm together. Suppose to increase productivity; did not go well. Important because they were unable to meet quotas, outraged peasants slaughtered animals and left the farms. | 35 | |
| 4329086000 | Fascism: | Political movement and ideology that sought to create a new type of society. Important because this happened in Italy and Germany (Nazism) | 36 | |
| 4329088938 | Wiemar Republic: | Replaced the German empire in 1919 | 37 | |
| 4329091832 | National Socialist German Workers' Party: | Formal name for the Nazi party. Important because Hitler came into this organization's power and was aided by their ethics. | 38 | |
| 4329094002 | Anti-Semitism: | Hatred of Jews. Hitler used this mindset in order to conduct Aryan race supremacy. | 39 | |
| 4329095605 | Nuremberg Laws: | Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. Important because this made it easier to identify Jews. | 40 | |
| 4329098562 | Kristallnacht: | (Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. | 41 | |
| 4329101719 | Ernest Hemingway: | American fiction author, One of the most popular writers of the 1920s, Lost Generation writer, who wrote "A Farewell to Arms" | 42 | |
| 4329101720 | Oswald Spengler: | German High School Teacher who wrote decline of the west. Talked about how the West was going to taken over by the Asians | 43 | |
| 4329105682 | John Maynard Keynes: | English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946) | 44 | |
| 4329107338 | Albert Einstein: | Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued theory of relativity | 45 | |
| 4329107339 | Werner Heisenberg: | A German physicist that had a theory that electrons had no position and only had tendencies. This broke down newton's dependable laws to only probabilities | 46 | |
| 4329111492 | Sigmund Freud: | Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses | 47 | |
| 4329113772 | Edgar Degas: | A nineteenth-century French painter and sculptor. Among his preferred subjects were ballet dancers and scenes of cafe life. | 48 | |
| 4329115699 | Paul Gauguin: | French post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific | 49 | |
| 4329117370 | Pablo Picasso: | Spanish abstract artist/spatial revolution | 50 | |
| 4329119137 | Franklin Delano Roosevelt: | U.S. President that brought America through the great Depression and World War II. He used new economic plans such as the New Deal and the "Good Neighbor Policy" | 51 | |
| 4329121050 | Joseph Stalin: | A man who served in the position of general secretary to promote the idea of socialism in Russia. He industrialized Russia by passing the First Five Year Plan and lead Russia throughout World War | 52 | |
| 4329125465 | Benito Mussolini: | Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy | 53 | |
| 4329127800 | Adolf Hitler: | German leader of Nazi Party. 1933-1945. rose to power by promoting racist and nationalistic views | 54 | |
| 4329134668 | Indian National Congress: | A group of hardworking nationalistic Indians who after WWI decided their main goal was to oppose Britain and gain Independence. Important because their main goal was Independence. | 55 | |
| 4329136505 | Government of India Act: | Act that gave the British the institutions to self govern. Important because it create two legislative bodies. Important because while it does sound helpful, it proved to be unworkable because the princes refused to participate because they feared Muslims would dominate the legislature | 56 | |
| 4329140460 | May Fourth Movement: | Popular 1919 uprising in China against Japanese interference and for Western-style government that featured intellectuals and students as its leaders; sank under the weight of problems facing China in the early 20th century. | 57 | |
| 4329143697 | Chinese Communist Party: | Communist party inspired by Lenin's Marxist rule and led my Mao Zedong. Group that desired radical social change and was much more socialist. | 58 | |
| 4329145362 | Three Principles of the People: | Foreigners should leave China; Calling for economic development and expansion; and national unification. Important because they were created by Sun Yatsen and they became the main goals of his party (The Guomindang) | 59 | |
| 4329146549 | Guomindang: | Small group of members from the CCP that formed. Main focus was socialism and they were alliances with the CCP. Led by Sun Yatsen | 60 | |
| 4329150982 | Maoism | Mao Zedong's theory which stated that peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution. | 61 | |
| 4329153699 | Mukden Incident: | An event where Japanese troops blew up a railway in Manchuria. Important because the Japanese used to justify their full-scale invasion of China in 1931 | 62 | |
| 4329157207 | Congo-Ocean Railway: | A railway that was dependent on forced labor, rounded up 10,000 workers annually, within a few years 15-20,000 people died. | 63 | |
| 4329162771 | Popular American Revolutionary Alliance (APRA): | Inspired by Victor Raúl Haya of Peru's ruling style. They were important because they preached indigenous rights and anti-imperialism | 64 | |
| 4329164670 | Dollar diplomacy: | Taft's plan to create peaceful commerce with Latin American countries. "Exchanging dollars for bullets." Important because this policy faced many critics and worked to create a yet to be seen level of peace. | 65 | |
| 4329164671 | "Good Neighbor Policy": | FDR's new US policy that attempted to establish leadership skills within a Latin American country by offering advice, support, and knowledge | 66 | |
| 4329171373 | Mohandas K. Gandhi: | the leader of the independence movement in India. The two beliefs he advocated were his belief of ahimsa, moral philosophy of tolerance and nonviolence, and Satyagraha, the technique of passive resistance. | 67 | |
| 4329172903 | Muhammad Ali Jinnah: | Leader of the Muslim League who proposed Pakistan, "land of the pure", a place Muslims could live instead of India | 68 | |
| 4329174565 | Puyi: | Last emperor of China at end of Qing Dynasty; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912 | 69 | |
| 4329177409 | Dr. Sun Yat-sen: | a prominent nationalist leader. Sun Yatsen wanted to establish a democratic republican government.He summarized his ideologies in Three Principles of the People. Sun also established the Nationalist People's Party, or Guomindang. | 70 | |
| 4329177410 | Mao Zedong: | Early member of the CCP, and became the leader of the Long March. Maoism ( Chinese form of Leninism) | 71 | |
| 4329179043 | Chiang Kai-shek: | Leader of the Guomindang, following the death of Sun Yat Sen. He also led the Northern Expedition. | 72 | |
| 4329183079 | Jomo Kenyatta: Fidel Castro: Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976. | A member of Africa's new elite, and led Kenya to independence against the British. | 73 | |
| 4329184656 | Marcus Garvey: | He was a representative of Pan- African ism, Jamaican nationalist leader, and the belief of "Back to Africa." | 74 | |
| 4329184657 | Fidel Castro: | Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. He was prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and has been president of the government and First Secretary of the Communist Party since 1976. | 75 | |
| 4329189438 | Diego Rivera: | Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology | 76 | |
| 4329189439 | William Taft: | 27th President of the United States. He launched Dollar Diplomacy | 77 | |
| 4329195529 | Carmen Miranda: | Latin american singing and dancing sensation, part of the us trying to develop a positive image of Latin america, source of pride for Brazilians, also used by the united fruit co. | 78 | |
| 4329202344 | Rape of Nanjing: | First experience of WWII felt by China. Japan created mass destruction; attacked and bombed the city of Nanjing , Over two months, Japanese soldier raped 7,000 women, murdered 100s of 1,000s of unarmed soldiers and civilians and burned ⅓ of the houses. 400,000 Chinese lost their lives. | 79 | |
| 4329204425 | Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: | Area that Japan wanted to conquer and control in Asia, counteracted US Open Door policy with China, neither prepared to compromise | 80 | |
| 4329206277 | Asia for Asians: | Japan's slogan as they conquered Asia, claiming to do it to rid Asia of European powers | 81 | |
| 4329209132 | Tripartite Pact: | An alliance that allowed Japan to enter the Dual alliance. Making the Dual Alliance become the Axis powers | 82 | |
| 4329210913 | Spanish Civil war: | War pitting authoritarian and military leaders in Spain against republicans and leftists between 1936 and 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans; led to victory of the royalist forces. | 83 | |
| 4329216588 | Anschluss: | The forced union Germany imposed on Austrian. They justified it saying The Germans in Austria needed to be reunited with their home nation | 84 | |
| 4329218347 | Blitzkrieg: | Word describing all-motorized force concentration of tanks, infantry, artillery, combat engineers and air power, concentrating overwhelming force at high speed to break through enemy lines, and, once the lines are broken, proceeding without regard to its flank. Through constant motion, the blitzkrieg attempts to keep its enemy off-balance, making it difficult to respond effectively at any given point before the front has already moved on. | 85 | |
| 4329220556 | Appeasement: | The forced union Germany imposed on Austrian. They justified it saying The Germans in Austria needed to be reunited with their home nation | 86 | |
| 4329222427 | Nazi-Soviet Pact: | Pact that stated they would not attack one another. Promised neutrality if they were to go to war with a third party. | 87 | |
| 4329223740 | Panzer: | German Tank | 88 | |
| 4329223741 | Luftwaffe: | German air force | 89 | |
| 4329231165 | Lebensraum: | Means living space; Important because that was Hitler's slogan where he wanted to create a German state. | 90 | |
| 4329231166 | WAVES: | The women's section of the US Naval Reserve, established in 1942, important because it became a major recruiter for women during the war. | 91 | |
| 4329235016 | Yalta Conference: | Event in which the Big Three (US, Soviet, Britain) met to determine what to do with Germany after it's defeat | 92 | |
| 4329239457 | Marshall Plan: | A part of the Truman doctrine. It offered economic support to Europe in order to win their favor and contain communism. | 93 | |
| 4329241902 | Truman Doctrine: | A doctrine made that said the U.S.would assist any nation that was threatened by a communist takeover | 94 | |
| 4329243702 | NATO: | The cold war alliance that was dedicated to containing communism | 95 | |
| 4329247058 | Warsaw Pact: | Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania | 96 | |
| 4329249087 | COMECON: | A soviet plan to counter the Marshall plan. It offered free trade to European nations and economic support. | 97 | |
| 4329251802 | Francisco Franco: | Spanish General; organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - right wing, supported by Hitler and Mussolini, won the Civil War after three years of fighting. | 98 | |
| 4329253776 | Neville Chamberlain: | British statesman who as Prime Minister pursued a policy of appeasement toward fascist Germany | 99 | |
| 4329253777 | Harry Truman: | American President from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the soviet union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War 2; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war | 100 | |
| 4329264196 | Perestroika: | A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev (Last leader of the Soviet Union) that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society. | 101 | |
| 4329266901 | Glasnost: | A policy of the Soviet government allowing free discussion of social problems. Important because these policies led to the sliding away from Communistic viewpoints. | 102 | |
| 4329269172 | Brown v. Board of Education: | Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954 | 103 | |
| 4329272287 | Vietnamization: | President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces | 104 | |
| 4329276366 | Brezhnev Doctrine: | A doctrine that justified the intervention of the Soviet in the Hungarian Uprising. It said the Soviet would intervene in any communist nation that was threatened to be overthrown | 105 | |
| 4329278236 | Containment: | A policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully | 106 | |
| 4329280269 | Superpowers: | United States and Soviet Union: Considered superpowers because they were the most advanced countries and there for most threatening to each other. | 107 | |
| 4329282595 | Truman Doctrine: | President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. This idea allowed for the invasion of Cuba and other Communist states. | 108 | |
| 4329284465 | Solidarity: | Trade union movement in Poland that developed into a political pressure group that supported reforms from the Communist leadership. | 109 | |
| 4329286186 | Berlin Wall: | Barrier built by the U.S.S.R. in 1961 in East Germany to keep that nation's subjects from fleeing to liberty in West Berlin. Major cold war symbol until it was torn down in 1989. | 110 | |
| 4329288396 | North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO): | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries | 111 | |
| 4329291856 | Warsaw Treaty Organization: | Warsaw Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO | 112 | |
| 4329298045 | Mikhail Gorbachev: | USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika | 113 | |
| 4329298046 | Boris Yeltsin: | First person ever elected by popular vote in Russia; drafted a new constitution similar to France's which established a mixed presidential-parliamentary system anchored in a powerful presidency | 114 | |
| 4329303626 | Nicolae Ceausescu: | Communist dictator in Romania, leader of the super bloody revolution that was the only non velvet communist revolution. set up a rigid and dictatorial regime in Romania, captured on Dec. 22 and executed on Christmas Day | 115 | |
| 4329305880 | Charles de Gaulle: | French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile | 116 | |
| 4329311530 | Alexander Dubcek: | Leader of Czechoslovakia during the Prague of Spring, he expanded freedom of discussion and other intellectual rights at a time when they were being repressed in the Soviet (1956) | 117 | |
| 4329311531 | Simone de Beauvoir: | French feminist and existentialist and novelist | 118 | |
| 4329315868 | Betty Friedan: | United States feminist who founded a national organization for women | 119 | |
| 4329317238 | Nikita Krushchev: | Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin | 120 | |
| 4329322766 | Richard Nixon: | President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China | 121 | |
| 4329325438 | Ngo Dinh Diem: | President of South Vietnam with United States' support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military, with U.S. approval. | 122 | |
| 4329327813 | Lyndon Johnson: | US president who wanted to get involved in the Vietnam War | 123 | |
| 4329329249 | Dwight Eisenhower: | 34th president of the US. Nicknamed Ike. General in the US army. During WWII, was supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe. Supervised invasion of France and Germany. | 124 | |
| 4329333361 | Kim Il Sung: | He wanted to unify N and S Korea militarily and thought 1950 was the perfect opportunity b/c the US has recently decided that Korea is not part of the United states Western Defensive Perimeter. He wants the help of Mao and Stalin, who are both very reluctant to get involved. He misjudged the political situation, and the Korean war is known as Kim Il Sung's war | 125 | |
| 4329337142 | Syngman Rhee: | Imprisoned by the Japanese in WW2, then came to America and studied at Harvard and Princeton; Struggled for Korean freedom for 50 years and was elected president of South Korea, He was the American-favored candidate, Korean nationalist. He was elected president. Supported Anti-communism. | 126 | |
| 4329337201 | Gamal Abdel Nasser: | Led the bloodless coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and heralded a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt together with a profound advancement of pan-Arab nationalism. | 127 | |
| 4329346165 | Paris Peace Accords: | The plans to extract the US from the war in Vietnam. Important because the Vietnam war was a lost cause and the Paris Peace Accords listened to the people of the US. | 128 | |
| 4329348320 | Taliban: | Fundamentalist Muslim group, gained power, restored order, but imposed an extreme form of Islam on Afghanistan, supported al-Qaeda | 129 | |
| 4329348327 | Descamisados: | Poor people in Argentina. Important because Eva Peron administered to them and helped to gain Argentine nationalism. | 130 | |
| 4329353345 | Apartheid: | Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. 87% of the land was for Whites while the remaining was for people of color. Important because Mandela worked fearlessly to expel these laws. | 131 | |
| 4329355216 | Freedom Charter: | Similar to the Declaration of Independence/Bill of Rights. states the rights that the blacks should have. made in 1955. made by the Defiance Campaign and approved by the Congress of the People. In South Africa. | 132 | |
| 4329359729 | Sharpeville massacre: | March 21, 1960 in Sharpeville, by Johannesburg. PAC led campaign of blacks to surrender themselves for arrest and led to small clashes and then the police firing, killing and wounding many. 69 Africans. | 133 | |
| 4329361623 | Iran-Iraq War: | The war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution. | 134 | |
| 4329363540 | Great Leap Forward: | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960 | 135 | |
| 4329366329 | Gulf War: | A War (1990-1991) that took place between Iraq and the U.S./Kuwait started by Iraq invading Kuwait; First non-containment based war since WWII; Often referred to as Operation Desert Storm; Primarily an aerial war (huge amounts of missiles and bombs) in the first stages, followed by an infantry march that pushed Iraqi forces back into Iraq | 136 | |
| 4329370599 | Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: | The political campaign launched in 1966 to stop China's drift away from socialism and toward capitalism. The campaign led to massive purges in the Chinese Communist Party, widespread persecution of China's intellectuals, and the destruction of invaluable cultural artifacts. It ended in 1976 after Mao's death and the arrest of some of his most radical followers. | 137 | |
| 4329373549 | Tienanmen Square: | In 1989, demonstrators peacefully assembled to push for greater democracy in China; when the demonstrators refused to disperse the government sent in troops and tanks | 138 | |
| 4329376681 | Juan Peron: | President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. He was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. | 139 | |
| 4329378470 | Eva Peron: | Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits | 140 | |
| 4329383093 | Jawaharlal Nehru: | Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; first Indian Prime Minister | 141 | |
| 4329385314 | Nelson Mandela: | South African statesman, president 1994-99; engaged in talks on the introduction of majority rule with President Klerk; became the country's first democratically elected president in 1994 | 142 | |
| 4329390920 | F. W. de Klerk: | Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid | 143 | |
| 4329395406 | Mobutu Sese Seko: | Overthrew Lumumba, the leader of the Congo, and turned him over to his enemy. He renamed the country Zaire, and ruled for 32 years. He used a combination of force, one party rule, and gifts to supporters to run his country. | 144 | |
| 4329405770 | Patrice Lumumba: | First prime minister of the Congo and also helped the Congo gained independence from Belgium; he was liked by the Congolese but not by the U.S. and the government and he was quickly imprisoned and murdered | 145 | |
| 4329408210 | Anwar Sadat: | Egyptian statesman; president 1970-81; worked to achieve peace in the Middle East | 146 | |
| 4329409909 | Yasser Arafat: | Palestinian statesman, chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1968 and Palestinian president 1996-2004 | 147 | |
| 4329414933 | Yitzhak Rabin: | The Israeli prime minister who agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land. In 1995 he was killed by Jewish extremists | 148 | |
| 4329417754 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini: | Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. | 149 | |
| 4329420043 | Saddam Hussein: | Iraqi president; prime minister and head of the armed forces 1979-2003; fought a war with Iran 1980-88 and invaded Kuwait 1990, from which Iraqi forces were expelled in the Gulf War of 1991 | 150 | |
| 4329422207 | Deng Xiaoping: | Chinese communist statesman; vice-premier 1973-76 and 1977-80; vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 1977-80 | 151 | |
| 4329425006 | Barbie: | American doll phenomenon that was important because it captivated the world. | 152 | |
| 4329429403 | Sara: | Iranian Muslim response to Barbie. More modest, in scarf and not at all westernized. | 153 | |
| 4329431532 | Licca: | Japanese barbie, maternal suppose to take care of children. | 154 | |
| 4329434318 | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): | Signed by 28 noncommunist representatives in 1947. Worked on removing or loosening barriers to free trade. In 1995 (128 non communist members) signed an agreement to create the WTO | 155 | |
| 4329438361 | World Trade Organization (WTO): | A forum for settling international trade disputes with the power to enforce its decisions. | 156 | |
| 4329445241 | North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): | Free trade between noncommunist American countries. Increases global trade while reducing tariffs | 157 | |
| 4329448179 | Americanization: | Spreading of American traditions to other countries quickly. Things such as music, technology and commodities overtake the country "Americanizing" it. | 158 | |
| 4329449808 | McDonaldization: | Rapid spread and popularity of McDonald's to foreign countries. Not all McDonald's serve what they would in America, but they adapt to the states dietary needs. So popular they tend to replace old dining restaurants. | 159 | |
| 4329451616 | One-child family rule: | China's policy of only allowing one child for every couple. Decreased birth rates, however increased infanticide of females. | 160 | |
| 4329456082 | Carrying capacity: | The number of people that the Earth can physically handle. Important because the world birth rate is already expanding past this level. | 161 | |
| 4329458662 | Al Qaeda: | The main global terrorist group | 162 | |
| 4329461229 | Biodiversity: | The maintenance of multiple species of plants and animals. Most serious threat to biodiversity is the destruction of natural habitats. | 163 | |
| 4329463007 | Red Cross: | International humanitarian agency. Founded by Jean Henri Dunant. Work to increase peace through medical aid and help victims of natural disasters. | 164 | |
| 4329464759 | Global warming: | The rise in global temperature due to greenhouse gases. Important because this affects biodiversity | 165 | |
| 4329467965 | Greenpeace: | Organization that preserves Earth in its natural habitat while maintaining plants and wildlife. | 166 | |
| 4329470136 | Osama bin Laden: | Saudi-born Muslim extremist who founded the al-Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrist attacks, including those on the world trade center and the pentagon in 2001 | 167 | |
| 4329472777 | Rachel Carson: | Published Silent Spring in 1962; documented the environmental damage done by DDT and other pesticides. Which heightened public awareness at the start of the modern environmental movement. | 168 | |
| 4329475559 | Mikhail Gorbachev: | USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika | 169 | |
| 4329477587 | Indira Gandhi: | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her Sons | 170 | |
| 4329480545 | Benazir Bhutto: | Pakistani politician who was the chair of the PPP (Pakistan People's Party); served as PM from 1988-1990, 1993-1996 and was removed from her post both times for alleged charges of corruption which forces her to leave the country in 1996; returned in 2007 and was assassinated | 171 |
