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| 318332105 | age of revolution | Period of politcal upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 | 0 | |
| 318332106 | population revolution | Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent. | 1 | |
| 318332107 | french revolution | the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | 2 | |
| 318332108 | Louis XVI | - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 3 | |
| 318332109 | deceleration of the rights of man and citizen | issued by the National Assembly in 1789 was an Enlightenment document that established the individual right to liberty, equality of all before the law, freedom of speech, and the abolition of serfdom, feudalism, and aristocratic privileges. | 4 | |
| 318332110 | nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country | 5 | |
| 318332111 | napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 6 | |
| 318332112 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon | 7 | |
| 318332113 | Conservatives | people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change | 8 | |
| 318332114 | liberals | supporters of the democratic party | 9 | |
| 318332115 | radicals | people who favored extreme change to extend democracy to all people | 10 | |
| 318332116 | greek revolution | A rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820. It was a key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 11 | |
| 318332117 | reform bill of 1832 | Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 12 | |
| 318332118 | count camillo di cavour | Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who helped provoke Austria into a war which led to the unification of the northern Italian states | 13 | |
| 318332119 | otto von bismarck | Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714) | 14 | |
| 318332120 | transformismo | Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo. | 15 | |
| 318332121 | revisionism | The socialist idea that we should embrace socialism in a gradual advance, with no bloody war | 16 | |
| 318332122 | feminist movement | sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s | 17 | |
| 318332123 | charles darwin | English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715) | 18 | |
| 318332124 | sigmund freud | austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis | 19 | |
| 318332125 | romanticism | 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason | 20 | |
| 318332126 | sepoy | An Indian soldier serving under British command. | 21 | |
| 318332127 | british raj | The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the East India Company and then by a British government. (p. 659) | 22 | |
| 318332128 | Robert Clive | Was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown. | 23 | |
| 318332129 | settlement colonies | Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants. | 24 | |
| 318332130 | boer republics | Transvaal and Orange Free State in southern Africa; established to assert independence of Boers from British colonial government in Cape Colony in 1850s; discovery of diamonds and precious metals caused British migration into the Boer areas in 1860s. | 25 | |
| 318332131 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe | 26 | |
| 318332132 | boer war | A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa. | 27 | |
| 318332133 | filial | of or like a son or daughter | 28 | |
| 318332134 | tenet | an opinion, belief, or principle held to be true | 29 | |
| 318332135 | monogamy | marriage to only one person at a time | 30 | |
| 318332136 | voracious | Greedy | 31 | |
| 318332137 | metallurgy | The science and technology of metals | 32 | |
| 318332138 | engineering | application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines | 33 | |
| 318332139 | secularism | The belief in material things instead of religious things. This was a shift away from Medieval thinking. | 34 | |
| 318332140 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 35 | |
| 318332141 | polytheism | belief in many gods | 36 | |
| 318332142 | monotheistic | Belief in one god | 37 | |
| 318332143 | reform | to bring back to rightness, order, or morality | 38 | |
| 318332144 | imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | 39 | |
| 318332145 | bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | 40 |
