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| reformer-one of the most famous-one of the commissioners charged with the administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834-convinced that disease and death caused poverty-believed that disease could be prevented by cleaning up the urban environment-publicized hard facts about filth of cities and living environments-report became basis for Britain's first public health law | ||
| relief to Britain's paupers, The idea that giving money to the POOR and unemployed only INCREASED LAZINESS, it put the homeless/unemployed in MISERABLE working conditions *IT FAILS - makes things worse | ||
| radical philosopher-(1748-1832)-taught that public problems ought to be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis and according to the "greatest good for the greatest number | ||
| moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome-"the greatest good for the greatest number" | ||
| developed by Louis Pasteur-specific diseases were caused by specific living organisms-germs-and that they could be controlled in people and in beverages | ||
| French chemist who began studying fermentation in 1854 at the request of brewers-found that fermentation depended on growth of living organisms and that the activity of these organisms could be suppressed by heat | ||
| German country doctor-developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria and described life cycles | ||
| grasped connection between aerial bacteria and problem of wound infections-reasoned that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would kill the bacteria-antiseptic principle | ||
| aggressive, impatient Alsatian placed in charge of Paris-authoritarian planner capable of bulldozing both buildings and opposition-reorganized Paris: zoning laws, grid city | ||
| codified the rules of chemistry in the periodic law and table in 1869-(1834-1907) | ||
| discoveries in electromagnetism resulted in first dynamo (generator) and opened the way for the subsequent development of the telegraph, electric motor, electric light, and electric streetcar | ||
| Father of sociology, founder of positivism Discovery of social laws similar to natural laws., | ||
| effectively discredited the long-standing view that the earth's surface had been formed by short-lived cataclysms, such as biblical floods and earthquakes-his principle: uniformitarianism: same geological processes that are at work today slowly formed the earth's surface over an immensely long time | ||
| asserted that all forms of life had arisen through a long process of continuous adjustment to the environment-helped prepare way for Darwin | ||
| most influential of all 19th century evolutionary thinkers-official naturalist on 5 yr scientific cruise to Latin America and South Pacific beginning in 1832-carefully collected specimens of different animal species he encountered on voyage-earth and life were ancient-evolution-On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection-competition for survival | ||
| English disciple of Auguste Comte-saw human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by brutal economic struggle-unending struggle efficiently determined survival of the fittest | ||
| literature should depict life exactly as it is-observed and recorded-let facts speak for themselves | ||
| 1868-giant of realist movement in literature, defended his violently criticized first novel against charges of pornography and corruption of morals-most known for seamy, animalistic view of working-class life-also wrote gripping, carefully researched stories featuring stock exchange, big department store, and army, as well as urban slums and bloody coal strikes-sympathized with socialism-evident in Germinal | ||
| Chiefly remembered for his series of 91 interconnected novels and stories known collectively as The Human Comedy which pictures urban society as amoral and brutal characterized by a Darwinian struggle for power. | ||
| Realism Madame Bovary-tells ordinary story of a frustrated middle class housewife who has an adulterous love affair and is betrayed by her lover-portrays provincial middle class as petty, smug, and hypocritical, French writer of novels and short stories (1821-1880) wrote realism pieces like, Madame Bovary who commits adultery and then kills herself | ||
| Realism -achieved a more deeply felt, less sensational kind of realism-Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life: examines masterfully the ways in which people are shaped by their social medium as well as their own inner strivings, conflicts, and moral choices | ||
| in Zola tradition-novels: Tess of the D'Ubervilles; Return of the Native-depict men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck | ||
| Russian realist-combined realism in description and character development with an atypical moralizing, which came to dominate his later work-War and Peace: monumental novel set against historical background of Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812-probed deeply into lives of a multitude of unforgettable characters-central message: human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values |
