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| 616443519 | Fort Sumter | First shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina. December 20, 1860. Buchanan again backed down, marked start of Civil War |  |
| 616443520 | Executive power | power of the President of the United States, delegated or implied by the Constitution, to implement and enforce laws | |
| 616443521 | Habeas corpus | principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime | |
| 616443522 | Insurrection | A violent uprising against an authority or government, directly referring to Fort Sumter | |
| 616443523 | Border states | States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. Yeomen farmers held greater political power | |
| 616443524 | Confederate States of America | formed in February of 1861 composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States provisional constitution Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens | |
| 616443525 | 1st Battle of Bull Run | First major battle of the Civil War (July 1861) 30,000 federal troops marched from D.C. to Virginia July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. General Irvin McDowell forced to retreat to Washington by General P.G.T. Beauregard Ended the North's hopes of winning the war quickly | |
| 616443526 | 2nd Battle of Bull Run | August 1862. Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan. Battle where Lee pushed most of the Union forces out of Virginia Lee decided to take war into the north | |
| 616443527 | Anaconda Plan | Union planned a blockade that would notallow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy; control theMississippi and Atlantic/Gulf of Mexico | |
| 616443528 | Antietam | September 17, 1862 Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, South would never be so close to victory again | |
| 616443529 | Fredericksburg | Burnside suffered heavy losses against Confederate forces and resigned to Joseph Hooker. Confederate's victory in stalemate | |
| 616443530 | Monitor and Merrimac | Two ships battled in the Cheasepeake Bay (Hampton Roads) for five hours, ending in a draw. March 9, 1862. Monitor - Union. Merrimac - Confederacy. | |
| 616443531 | Shiloh | name of small log church. fought by Grant in an attempt to capture the railroad of the South. prevented the north from obtaining an easy victory. Confederate's strong resistance showed that the war was far from over. | |
| 616443532 | Trent affair | 1861 Union ship captured Confederacy sent emissaries, James Mason (Britain) and John Slidell (France). and took them to Boston as prisoners. angry British, Lincoln ordered their release | |
| 616443533 | Alabama | British built ironclad ship that sunk and captured over 100 Union merchant ships Britain stopped aiding Confederacy with imminent Union victory | |
| 616443534 | Laird rams | two confederate warships being constructed in British shipyards, they were eventually seized by the British to remain neutral in the Civil War. | |
| 616443535 | Confiscation acts | series of laws passed by federal government designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy | |
| 616443536 | Emancipation Proclamation | Issued by Lincoln followingAntietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moralcause in the war | |
| 616443537 | 13th Amendment | This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slaveowners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. | |
| 616443538 | 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws | |
| 616443539 | 15th Amendment | Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude | |
| 616443540 | Gettysburg | Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced toretreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union) | |
| 616443541 | Vicksburg | Grant's best fought campaign, this siege ended in the seizure of the Mississippi River by the Union and split the Confederate army in two | |
| 616443542 | Sherman's March | William T. Sherman Pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina, He set fire to South Carolina's capital, Columbia. | |
| 616443543 | Appomattox Court House | the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War | |
| 616443544 | Ex Parte Milligan | 1866 - Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional Ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law. | |
| 616443545 | Draft riots | New York City Drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned | |
| 616443546 | Greenbacks | Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. Lost only small part of face value | |
| 616443547 | Morrill Tariff Act | Act passed by Congress in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent however later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. raked in millions of dollars. | |
| 616443548 | Homestead Act | Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. | |
| 616443549 | Pacific Railway Act | 1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR) | |
| 616443550 | Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union | |
| 616443551 | Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction | Lincoln's approach to reconstruction. Entailed general amnesty to white southerners unless they were leaders of the confederacy as long as they said an oath of allegiance and accepted abolition. When 10% of state took the oath, the state could begin to redraft its constitution. Black men with an education and served in the Union army received automatic suffrage. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee were readmitted by this plan before the war was over. | |
| 616443552 | Wade-Davis Bill | Vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Congress control of Reconstruction, 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. | |
| 616443553 | Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs | |
| 616443554 | Black Codes | laws passed in the south just after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit african american workers | |
| 616443555 | Radical Republicans | These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stephens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. | |
| 616443556 | Civil Rights Acts of 1866 | Declared all people born in United States the right to full and equal benefit of all laws. | |
| 616443557 | Civil Rights Acts of 1875 | defined rights of national citizenship, laws passed by congress after the civil war to guarantee the rights of blacks. | |
| 616443558 | Reconstruction Acts | 1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. | |
| 616443559 | Tenure of Office Act | 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet | |
| 616443560 | Impeachment | a formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official | |
| 616443561 | Scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners | |
| 616443562 | Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states; | |
| 616443563 | Sharecropping | A system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. | |
| 616443564 | Spoilsmen | 1870s, leadership of the Republican party passed from the reformers (Stevens, Sumner, Wade) to political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conklin of New York and James Blaine of Maine during Grant administration | |
| 616443565 | Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | |
| 616443566 | Credit Mobilier | A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes. | |
| 616443567 | Liberal Republicans | Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampened further Reconstructionist efforts. | |
| 616443568 | Panic of 1873 | Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver) | |
| 616443569 | Redeemers | Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans. | |
| 616443570 | Ku Klux Klan | founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American | |
| 616443571 | Force Acts (1870, 1871) | These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems. | |
| 616443572 | Amnesty Act of 1872 | United States federal law that removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy. The original restrictive Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives on May 1866. | |
| 616443573 | Compromise of 1877 | Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river, Settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South. | |
| 616443574 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) | |
| 616443575 | Jefferson Davis | an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 | |
| 616443576 | Alexander H. Stephens | former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress | |
| 616443577 | George McClellan | a general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice. Overly cautious. | |
| 616443578 | Thomas Stonewall Jackson | Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer. Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run | |
| 616443579 | Winfield Scott | veteran General who recommended Colonel Robert E. Lee to Lincoln to lead the Union army | |
| 616443580 | Ulysses S. Grant | Won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general | |
| 616443581 | Robert E. Lee | opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army. Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force | |
| 616443582 | David Farragut | Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge | |
| 616443583 | John Wilkes Booth | an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. | |
| 616443584 | Copperheads | A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War | |
| 616443585 | Andrew Johnson | A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. | |
| 616443586 | Charles Sumner | Massachusetts Senator in 1856, his strong abolitionist convictions caused him to antagonize the South and the Lecompton Constitution in a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas". Radical Republican | |
| 616443587 | Thaddeus Stephens | PA Congressman who hoped to revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands from planter class. Radical Republican | |
| 616443588 | Benjamin Wade | Senator from Ohio and Radical Republican who was co-sponsor of the strict Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 that was ultimately vetoed by Lincoln. | |
| 616443589 | Edwin Stanton | Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment. | |
| 616443590 | Blanche K. Bruce | An American politician. Bruce represented Mississippi as a U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 and was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. | |
| 616443591 | Hiram Revels | Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded | |
| 616443592 | Jay Gould | United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market | |
| 616443593 | William Tweed | N.Y. political boss (did not hold a political office) that controlled the Democratic political machine known as Tammany Hall; Stole $200 million form New York City. Prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail and died there. | |
| 616443594 | Thomas Nast | Political cartoonist who's work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South's attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and republican parties and Uncle Sam. | |
| 616443595 | Horace Greeley | An American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician He helped support reform movements and anti-slavery efforts through his New York Tribune newspaper | |
| 616443596 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history | |
| 616443597 | Samuel J. Tilden | Samuel Jones Tilden was the Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. Had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes. | |
| 618179678 | Beginning of Cvil War | April 12, 1861 | |
| 618179679 | Lincoln's use of executive power | without approval of Congress (1) called for 75000 volunteers to put down insurrection in the South (2) authorized spending for the war (3) suspending the privilege of writ of habeas corpus | |
| 618179680 | Capital of Confederacy | Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia | |
| 618179681 | Border States (Maryland) | Maryland attacked Union troops, threatened railroad to Washington. Union army used marital law, kept state under federal control | |
| 618179682 | Border States (Missouri) | presence of US troops prevented secessionists from gaining control | |
| 618179683 | Border States (Kentucky) | state legislature voted to remain neutral in conflict | |
| 618179684 | Reason for keeping border states | primary military + political loss would increase Confederate population by more than 50 percent would have severely weakened the North's strategic position | |
| 618179685 | South military advantages | only had to fight a defensive war. Had to move supplies shorter distances than the North. experienced military leaders high troop morale | |
| 618179686 | North military disadvantages | had to conquer area as large as western europe. had to move supplies longer distances. | |
| 618179687 | North military advantages | North population = 22 million. South population = 5.5 million. 800,000 immigrants that aided Union. 180,000 emancipated black soldiers. U.S. Navy, gain control of water | |
| 618179688 | North economic advantages | economy controlled most of banking and capital of the country. 85% factories + manufactured goods. 70% railroads. 65% of farmlands. skills of northern clerks and bookkeepers valuable in logistical support of military | |
| 618179689 | South economy advantages | overseas demand for cotton would bring recognition and financial aid. | |
| 618179690 | Irony of Southern politics | South's ideology of states' rights clashed with the South's need for a strong central government with strong public support to win the war (South had neither) | |
| 618179691 | Confederacy constitution | modeled after US constitution nonsuccessive six-year term for president and vice president. presidential veto. denied confederate congress to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds. prohibited foreign slave trade | |
| 618179692 | Confederacy economics | constant shortage of money loans, income taxes, impressment of private property failed forced to issue more than billion dollars of paper money (<2 cents at end of war) | |
| 618285678 | Biography of Jefferson Davis | Born in Kentucky. Distinguished military career. Davis served in House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of War for Franklin Pierce. President of Secessionist Confederate States. Indicted for treason. Cotton farmer, military man, politician. | |
| 618285679 | Northern expectation | Initially expected war to be at most a few weeks. Instead almost four years of fighting. |
