Terms : Hide Images
| 56578196 | Divine right of kings | the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God | 0 | |
| 56578197 | Creole | a person of European descent born in the West Indies or Latin America | 1 | |
| 56578198 | Mestizo | a person of mixed racial ancestry (especially mixed European and Native American ancestry) | 2 | |
| 56578199 | Mulattos | persons of mixed european and african ancestry | 3 | |
| 56578200 | Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | 4 | |
| 56578201 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. | 5 | |
| 56578202 | social contract | an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society | 6 | |
| 56578203 | Charles I | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 | 7 | |
| 56578204 | Oliver Cromwell | English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. | 8 | |
| 56578205 | Philosophes | Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas. | 9 | |
| 56578206 | Glorious Revolution | A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. | 10 | |
| 56578207 | Condorcet | Wrote The Progress of the Human Mind. He identified humans will go through 10 stages of progress. They were about to enter the tenth where humans will be perfect in understanding. | 11 | |
| 56584019 | Estates - General | was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm, the nobles, the Church and the common people. The independence from the Crown which it displayed paved the way for the French Revolution. | 12 | |
| 56584020 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585) | 13 | |
| 56584021 | Bourgeoisie | the social class between the lower and upper classes | 14 | |
| 56584022 | Louis xvi | king of France from 1774 to 1792, - King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793. | 15 | |
| 56584023 | Bastille | The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Partisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles | 16 | |
| 56584024 | Jacobins | Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. | 17 | |
| 56584025 | The reign of terror | This marks a one year period in which Robespierre was the head of the Revolution. During this period, approx. 40,000 were killed and 300,000 jailed for different crimes against the Revolution. Robespierre's men were known as the Committee of Public Safety. Comprised of the political alliance between the Mountain and the sans-culottes. This meant that his committee typically appealed to the urban poor. During this period, France employed a draft system to gain an army and to finish off the battles of the first coalition. If men were resistant, they were killed and anyone agreeing or helping them was jailed. The period ended when Robespierre and his men were executed by other men in the government that feared Robespierre becoming more powerful and more of a tyrant. | 18 | |
| 56584026 | Napoleon | French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821) | 19 | |
| 56584027 | Declaration of rights of man | Stated that under the law, everyone is equal | 20 | |
| 56584028 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594) | 21 | |
| 56584029 | Vodoo | African slave religion primarily in Haiti that developed from the combination of Christianity and old African traditions. | 22 | |
| 56584030 | Maroonage | strategic response to war. , So that slave would have an opportunity away from masters to preserve their African culture. | 23 | |
| 56584031 | Toussaint L'Overture | who led the fight for ind. for saint domonique | 24 | |
| 56584032 | Simón Bolívar | The hero of Latin American independence who won independence for four Latin American countries | 25 | |
| 56584033 | Miguel Hidalgo | - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. | 26 | |
| 56584034 | Jose' de Francia | A leader in france(1688-1689). the first leader of Paraguay following its independence from Spain. He ran the country with no outside interference and little outside influence from 1814 to 1840. | 27 | |
| 56584035 | Constitutional Monarchy | constitution that explains the powers of the government and owes allegiance to a monarch | 28 | |
| 56584036 | Revolution | is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time. | 29 | |
| 56584037 | Democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 30 | |
| 56584038 | Aristocracy | the most powerful members of a society | 31 | |
| 56584039 | Secular | concerning those not members of the clergy | 32 | |
| 56584040 | Diplomatic | able to take a broad view of negotiations between states | 33 | |
| 56584041 | Merchantilism | the belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import | 34 | |
| 56584042 | Feudalism | the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C | 35 | |
| 56584043 | enclosure acts | commons are fenced off, people look for jobs in the city | 36 | |
| 56584044 | James Hargreaves | English inventor of the spinning jenny (1720-1778) | 37 | |
| 56584045 | Spinning Jenny | This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727) | 38 | |
| 56584046 | Richard Arkwright | English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604) | 39 | |
| 56584047 | Michael Faraday | the English physicist nd chemist who discovered electromagnetic induction (1791-1867) | 40 | |
| 56584048 | Thomas Edison | United States inventor, Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations | 41 | |
| 56584049 | Peterloo Massacre | In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), calvary charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws. | 42 | |
| 56584050 | Reform Bill, 1832 | law dared property requirements so that well to so men in the middle classdemanded reforms in pariliament in elections including suffrage for all men | 43 | |
| 56584051 | Chartist Movement | In 19th century Britain where members of the working class demanded reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suffrage for all MEN. | 44 | |
| 56584052 | suffrage | a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US constitution | 45 | |
| 56584053 | Karl Marx | German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. | 46 | |
| 56584054 | proletariat | a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | 47 | |
| 56584055 | Otto von Bismark | Prussian Diplomat responsible for the unification of Germany. Cunning politician, fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him. | 48 | |
| 56584056 | Max Weber | German sociologist and pioneer of the analytic method in sociology (1864-1920) | 49 | |
| 56584057 | garden city concept | one of the many attempts to reduce and solve social problems during the Industrialization Period | 50 | |
| 56584058 | Imperialism | any instance of aggressive extension of authority | 51 | |
| 56584059 | Nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | 52 | |
| 56584060 | Industrialism | The concept of building an economy on large corporations that manufacture goods rather than agricultural production | 53 | |
| 56584061 | Eugenics | the study of methods of improving genetic qualities by selective breeding (especially as applied to human mating) | 54 | |
| 56584062 | Ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group | 55 | |
| 56584063 | Clemens von Metternich | Austria's foreign minister, a prince, who helped orchestrate Austria's role in Europe via the Congress of Vienna | 56 | |
| 56584064 | Young Ireland | social nationalist movement in ireland that wanted independence | 57 | |
| 56584065 | Giuseppi Mazzini | creator of the idea "Young Italy"; along with a friend, chased the pope out of Rome and founded the Republic of Rome, which lasted less than a day | 58 | |
| 56584066 | Victor Emmanuel II | italy was unitd in 1861 when the people voted overwhelmingly for national unity under the king of the kingdom of sardinia. unification was furthered when italy gained venetia in the seven week's war of 1866. in 1870 the citizens of rome voted for union with italy, and later that year rome was proclaimed the capital of the kingdom of italy. who was the king? | 59 | |
| 56584067 | Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882) | 60 | |
| 56584068 | William I of Prussia | sort of a stupid ruler, and only succeeds because of Otto von Bismarck, became emperor William I of Germany | 61 | |
| 56584069 | Zionism | a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine | 62 | |
| 56584070 | Alfred Dreyfus | was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French and European history. | 63 | |
| 56584071 | Theodor Herzl | was an Austro-Hungarian journalist and the father of modern political Zionism. | 64 | |
| 56584072 | social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | 65 | |
| 56584073 | White man's Burden | idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized | 66 | |
| 56584074 | urbanization | the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban | 67 | |
| 56584075 | Plantation system | A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor. | 68 | |
| 56584076 | Putting out System | system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England | 69 | |
| 56584077 | Suez Canal | a ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea | 70 | |
| 56584078 | Crimean War | a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England and France and Turkey and Sardinia | 71 | |
| 56584079 | Opium Wars | war between Great Britain and China, began as a conflict over the opium trade, ended with the Chinese treaty to the British- the opening of 5 chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial and diplomatic privileges | 72 | |
| 56584080 | Mass production | the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques) | 73 | |
| 56584081 | Enclosure movement | fencing in common land | 74 | |
| 56584082 | Factory System | a method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building | 75 | |
| 56584083 | Unions | Low wages and unsafe working conditions cause workers to revolt and group together. (Ex. American Railway Union, Child Labor Movement, Women Labor Movement, Industrial Workers of the World, Social Gospel Movement) | 76 | |
| 56584084 | Universal Suffrage | the right of all adults to vote for their representatives | 77 | |
| 56584085 | Communist Manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views | 78 | |
| 56584086 | Extraterritoriality | Right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation. | 79 | |
| 56584087 | Entrepreneurship | the process of getting into and operating one's own business | 80 | |
| 56584088 | Taiping Rebellion | The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687) | 81 | |
| 56584089 | Boers | Dutch settlers in south Africa | 82 | |
| 56584090 | Shaka Zulu | Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887. | 83 | |
| 56584091 | mfecane | Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa. | 84 | |
| 56584092 | Muhammad Ali | United States prizefighter who won the world heavyweight championship three times (born in 1942) | 85 | |
| 56584093 | Uthman dan Fodio | founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809, a religious teacher, writer and Islamic reformer | 86 | |
| 56584094 | al-hajj Umar | was a West African political leader, Islamic scholar, and Toucouleur military commander who founded a brief empire encompassing much of what is now Guinea, Senegal, and Mali | 87 | |
| 56584095 | Samori Toure | as the founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state that resisted French rule in West Africa from 1882 to his capture in 1898. | 88 | |
| 56584096 | Muhammad Ahmad the mahdi | religious leader in Sudan who proclaimed himself the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith in 1881 | 89 | |
| 56584097 | David Livingstone | Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873) | 90 | |
| 56584098 | Maji-Maji Revolt | I'll Find l8er | 91 | |
| 56584099 | nabob | he form nabob refers to commoners: a merchant-leader of high social status and wealth. | 92 | |
| 56584100 | meiji Restoration | The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694) | 93 | |
| 56584101 | sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced. | 94 | |
| 56584102 | Marxism | the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded | 95 | |
| 56584103 | Liberalism | an economic theory advocating free competition and a self-regulating market and the gold standard | 96 | |
| 56584104 | Conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | 97 | |
| 56584105 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731) | 98 | |
| 56584106 | Sepoy Mutiny | discontent with British administration in India led to numerous mutinies in 1857 and 1858 | 99 | |
| 56584107 | Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops | 100 | |
| 56584108 | Empress Cixi | The dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion | 101 | |
| 56584109 | Socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | 102 | |
| 56584110 | Open Door policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. | 103 | |
| 56584111 | Berlin Conference | A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa | 104 | |
| 56584112 | Cecil Rhodes | British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa | 105 | |
| 56584113 | Economic Imperialism | independent but less developed nation that is controlled by private business interests rather than by other govts. | 106 |
