Key terms from the Princeton Review Cracking the AP World History Exam 2013 review book and the AP World History: An Essential Coursebook (first edition).
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| 1475672050 | agriculture | the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber | 1 | |
| 1475672051 | agrarian | a society that depends on agriculture is... | 2 | |
| 1475672052 | bands/clans | basic unit of social organization among foragers; includes fewer than 100 people in a nomadic, small, mobile, kin-based groups with little differential power. | 3 | |
| 1475672053 | barbarian | a person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized | 4 | |
| 1475672054 | bureaucracy | a government organized by department | 5 | |
| 1475672055 | civilization | a society with reliable food surplus, specialized occupations, social class distinctions, cities, complex governments, trade, and an organized writing system | 6 | |
| 1475672056 | city-states | large towns that conquered the surrounding countryside; often competed with each other | 7 | |
| 1475672057 | classical | the period from approximately 600 BCE to 600 CE | 8 | |
| 1475672058 | domestication | the taming of animals for human use, such as work or as food | 9 | |
| 1475672059 | economy | the way civilizations manage money and resources for the production of goods and services | 10 | |
| 1475672060 | egalitarian | a society in which all people are relatively equal | 11 | |
| 1475672061 | emperor | the ruler of an empire | 12 | |
| 1475672062 | empire | a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler | 13 | |
| 1475672063 | feudalism | loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord | 14 | |
| 1475672064 | foraging | a food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals | 15 | |
| 1475672065 | hierarchy | the organization of people at different ranks in an administrative body | 16 | |
| 1475672066 | hierarchical | arranging things one above the other by rank | 17 | |
| 1475672067 | hunter-gatherer | a member of a nomadic group whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods. | 18 | |
| 1475672068 | irrigation | a way of supplying water to an area of land | 19 | |
| 1475672069 | monarchy | a government ruled by a king or queen | 20 | |
| 1475672070 | monotheism | belief in one god | 21 | |
| 1475672071 | neolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period. | 22 | |
| 1475672072 | nomadic | (of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently | 23 | |
| 1475672073 | pastoral | societies that were characterized by the domestication of animals but usually did not settle down and farm or build towns. | 24 | |
| 1475672074 | paleolithic | The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic Period. | 25 | |
| 1475672075 | philosophy | a basic viewpoint of the system of values of an individual or society | 26 | |
| 1475672076 | polytheism | the worship of many gods | 27 | |
| 1475672077 | river valley | the fertile land surrounding a river | 28 | |
| 1475672078 | sedentary | not migratory; settled | 29 | |
| 1475672079 | settlement | a community of people smaller than a town | 30 | |
| 1475672080 | substistence | condition in which people produce only enough to survive | 31 | |
| 1475672081 | surplus | more than is needed, desired, or required | 32 | |
| 1475672082 | sustenance | the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence | 33 | |
| 1475672083 | theocracy | government by divine power or priests | 34 | |
| 1475672084 | traditional | pertaining to time-honored orthodox doctrines | 35 | |
| 1475672085 | urbanization | the growth of cities | 36 | |
| 1475672086 | vassals | person granted land by a feudal lord in return for services | 37 | |
| 1475672087 | Alexander the Great | 356-323 b.c., king of Macedonia 336-323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India. | 38 | |
| 1475672088 | Analects | the collection of Confucius's thoughts and sayings | 39 | |
| 1475672089 | Bronze Age | the latter part of the Neolithic Era, characterized by the use of a new, stronger metal | 40 | |
| 1475672090 | Byzantium | the eastern portion of the Roman empire; lasted 1000 years after the fall of Western Rome | 41 | |
| 1475672091 | calendar | a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year | 42 | |
| 1475672092 | Code of Hammurabi | credited as the first written law code; written by a Babylonian king and established the basis for law codes | 43 | |
| 1475672093 | cuneiform | the form of writing developed by the Sumerians | 44 | |
| 1475672094 | democracy | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 45 | |
| 1475672095 | Eight Fold Path | eight guides to thought and conduct in the Buddhism religion | 46 | |
| 1475672096 | Four Noble Truths | as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism | 47 | |
| 1475672097 | Gothic Migrations | were the migrations of the visigoths into the buffer states of Rome then into Rome itself | 48 | |
| 1475672098 | Great Wall | a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC | 49 | |
| 1475672099 | Han Dynasty | imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy | 50 | |
| 1475672100 | Hellenism | the principles and ideals associated with classical Greek civilization | 51 | |
| 1475672101 | The Huns | source of raids on Rome; fierce warriors from Central Asia. First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms | 52 | |
| 1475672102 | Indian Ocean Trade | world's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa | 53 | |
| 1475672103 | Iron Age | the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of another metal in tools and weapons | 54 | |
| 1475672104 | Jewish Diaspora | the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE | 55 | |
| 1475672105 | legalism | Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws | 56 | |
| 1475672106 | Pax Romana | a period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 57 | |
| 1475672107 | pyramids | monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 58 | |
| 1475672108 | Roman Republic | the period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate | 59 | |
| 1475672109 | Roman Senate | a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders | 60 | |
| 1475672110 | Shang Civilization | early civilization centered on the Huang Ho of northern China, dating from c. 1766 to 1122 BC. | 61 | |
| 1475672111 | Shi Huang Di | harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China) | 62 | |
| 1475672112 | Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha | 63 | |
| 1475672113 | Silk Road | the trade route that linked the Eurasian land mass | 64 | |
| 1475672114 | The Torah | the most sacred text of Judaism | 65 | |
| 1475672115 | The Vedas of Hinduism | one of the sources of prayers, verses, and descriptions of the origins of the universe, guide Hindus | 66 | |
| 1475672116 | Xiongnu | nomadic raiders from the grasslands north of China during the reign of Han dynasty; emperor Wudi fought against them in the mid-100s BC | 67 | |
| 1475672117 | Ziggurats | temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped | 68 | |
| 1475672118 | bipedalism | the ability to walk upright on two legs | 69 | |
| 1475672119 | Catal Hayuk | a large neolithic city in modern Turkey; used stone and bone for tools but died out before metal was used, from 6500BCE-5700BCE. | 70 | |
| 1475672120 | cultural diffusion | the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another | 71 | |
| 1475672121 | division of labor | characteristic of civilizations in which different people perform different jobs | 72 | |
| 1475672122 | horticulture | cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes | 73 | |
| 1475672123 | independent invention | development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances | 74 | |
| 1475672124 | Jericho | oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan | 75 | |
| 1475672125 | Lucy | the first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago. | 76 | |
| 1475672126 | "marker events" of pre-history | the Neolithic Revolution is the first one of these | 77 | |
| 1475672127 | Neolithic craft industries | pottery, metallurgy, and textiles were... | 78 | |
| 1475672128 | Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution | change from food gathering to food producing (around 8000 BCE) | 79 | |
| 1475672129 | primary sources | eyewitness accounts of history. They include letters, diaries, speeches, and interviews. | 80 | |
| 1475672130 | specialization | development of different kinds of jobs | 81 | |
| 1475672131 | Akkadian Empire | began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years. | 82 | |
| 1475672132 | Amon-Re | the ancient Egyptian god of the sun | 83 | |
| 1475672133 | amulets | good luck charms used by ancient Egyptians to keep away evil spirits and prevent injury. | 84 | |
| 1475672134 | Aryans | nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system | 85 | |
| 1475672135 | Assyrians | very harsh people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build their Mesopotamian empire, which lasted less than 100 years. they had a king with absolute power | 86 | |
| 1475672136 | Babylonians | extended their empire and helped bring civilization to other parts of the Middle East; famous for Hammurabi's Law Code | 87 | |
| 1475672137 | Book of the Dead | scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt | 88 | |
| 1475672138 | Book of Songs | the earliest collection of Chinese poetry; it provides glimpses of what life was like in the early Zhou Dynasty | 89 | |
| 1475672139 | cataracts | rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt | 90 | |
| 1475672140 | Chavin | the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C. | 91 | |
| 1475672141 | Confucianism | ideas of Confucius, emphasizing such values as family, tradition, and mutual respect | 92 | |
| 1475672142 | cosmopolitanism | the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single community based on a shared morality. | 93 | |
| 1475672143 | cultural hearths | the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the customs, innovations, and ideologies that culturally transformed the world | 94 | |
| 1475672144 | Dravidian | a member of one of the aboriginal races of India (pushed south by Caucasians and now mixed with them) | 95 | |
| 1475672145 | dynasty | a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time | 96 | |
| 1475672146 | Epic of Gilgamesh | an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing. | 97 | |
| 1475672147 | Fertile Crescent | a geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates | 98 | |
| 1475672148 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC) | 99 | |
| 1475672149 | Harappa | a large ancient city of the Indus civilization, created in present-day Pakistan | 100 | |
| 1475672150 | Hittites | created an empire in western Asian and threatened the power of the Egyptians; were the first Indo-Europeans to use iron | 101 | |
| 1475672151 | Horus | Egyptian falcon-headed solar god | 102 | |
| 1475672152 | Hyksos | a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C. | 103 | |
| 1475672153 | Isis | Egyptian goddess of fertility | 104 | |
| 1475672154 | labor systems | system of labor in which people do specialized jobs | 105 | |
| 1475672155 | Late Bronze Age | 1600-1200 B.C.; also called the Mycenaean Age. | 106 | |
| 1475672156 | law code | written set of laws | 107 | |
| 1475672157 | loess | fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. | 108 | |
| 1475672158 | ma'at | the Egyptian concept of truth, justice, and cosmic order, represented by a goddess, often portrayed with a feather upon her head | 109 | |
| 1475672159 | Mandate of Heaven | the Chinese (Zhou) theory that Heaven gives the king a mandate to rule only as long as he rules in the interests of the people | 110 | |
| 1475672160 | matrilineal | relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother | 111 | |
| 1475672161 | Menes | united the kingdoms of lower and upper Egypt and created first Egyptian dynasty | 112 | |
| 1475672162 | Mesopotamia | the land between the Tigris and Euphrates | 113 | |
| 1475672163 | Minoans | earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C. | 114 | |
| 1475672164 | Mohenjo-Daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India | 115 | |
| 1475672165 | monsoon rains | seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime that bring extreme rain and flooding | 116 | |
| 1475672166 | Myceneans | people from Greek mainland who conquered central Crete; warring people who grouped themselves into clans and tribes | 117 | |
| 1475672167 | Olmec | the earliest-known Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished around 1200 B.C. and influenced later societies throughout the region. | 118 | |
| 1475672168 | oracle bones | one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with the gods | 119 | |
| 1475672169 | papyrus | tall sedge of the Nile valley yielding fiber that served many purposes in historic times, especially for paper making | 120 | |
| 1475672170 | patriarchy | a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line | 121 | |
| 1475672171 | pharoah | a king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political leader | 122 | |
| 1475672172 | pictographs | pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing | 123 | |
| 1475672173 | Rosetta Stone | a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing. | 124 | |
| 1475672174 | Semetic | a major branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family including Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, and many more | 125 | |
| 1475672175 | shaman | an ancient doctor, healer, or priest, they were called upon for religious ceremonies | 126 | |
| 1475672176 | shi | educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China. | 127 | |
| 1475672177 | social mobility | a change in position within the social hierarchy | 128 | |
| 1475672178 | Sumerians | people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform, and religious conceptions. | 129 | |
| 1475672179 | systems failure | a breakdown of the political, social, and economic systems supporting a civilization | 130 | |
| 1475672180 | Zhao Dynasty | the imperial dynasty of China from 1122 to 221 BC; notable for the rise of Confucianism and Taoism | 131 | |
| 1475672181 | "3rd century crisis" | Rome; barbarian invasions lead to financial stress, new taxes, debased coinage, and inflation created. financial crisis leads to political crisis, social problems also a problem | 132 | |
| 1475672182 | Actium | the battle where Octavian crushed Antony and Cleopatra and took over the Roman empire | 133 | |
| 1475672183 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world | 134 | |
| 1475672184 | Ashoka | a ruler of the Mauryan Empire who converted to Buddhism | 135 | |
| 1475672185 | atman | in Hindu belief, a person's essential self | 136 | |
| 1475672186 | Attila | leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century | 137 | |
| 1475672187 | Augustus Caesar (Octavian) | the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD. | 138 | |
| 1475672188 | Buddhism | a world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire | 139 | |
| 1475672189 | calligraphy | art of beautiful handwriting | 140 | |
| 1475672190 | castes | social groups into which people are born and cannot change | 141 | |
| 1475672191 | varna | a basic subdivision of humanity in the Hindu caste system | 142 | |
| 1475672192 | jati | sub castes; were groups of people within each caste that worked together for one economic function | 143 | |
| 1475672193 | classical civilizations | large civilizations with massive size and political strength, complex cultures, numerous and qualitative written records, complex long distance trade, increased contacts with other people, and more direct influence on modern civilization; in the Mediterranean, the Indian subcontinent, and East Asia. | 144 | |
| 1475672194 | Cleisthenes | made athenian assembly-law making body, granted some citizenship to some imms. and former slaves. set-up council of 500, introduced Ostracism | 145 | |
| 1475672195 | Cleopatra | last pharaoh of Egypt; had relationships with Julius Caesar and Marc Antony; Octavian's enemy | 146 | |
| 1475672196 | Constantine | Roman Emperor (4th century A.D.) who promoted tolerance to all religions in the Roman Empire and legalized Christianity | 147 | |
| 1475672197 | consuls | chief executives elected to run the government in ancient Rome | 148 | |
| 1475672198 | Cyrus the Great | king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC) | 149 | |
| 1475672199 | Daoism | philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 150 | |
| 1475672200 | Delian League | an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians | 151 | |
| 1475672201 | desertification | the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert | 152 | |
| 1475672202 | Diocletian | Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section. | 153 | |
| 1475672203 | equites | class of business people and landowners in ancient Rome who had wealth and power | 154 | |
| 1475672204 | Etruscans | the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted | 155 | |
| 1475672205 | forbidden city | a walled section of Beijing that encloses the palace that was formerly the residence of the emperor of China | 156 | |
| 1475672206 | Gupta Empire | Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism | 157 | |
| 1475672207 | Greek "Classical Age" | 500-338 BC, also known as the golden age of Greece. | 158 | |
| 1475672208 | Han Wudi | extended the Chinese borders to its extent in Imperial China; Trained Civil Services; "Silk Road" | 159 | |
| 1475672209 | Hellenic culture | of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the ancient Greeks or their language, culture, thought, etc., esp. before the time of Alexander the Great. | 160 | |
| 1475672210 | Hellenistic synthesis | the blending of Greek and local cultures on the territories conquered by Alexander the Great's armies; as a result a distinct new culture emerged | 161 | |
| 1475672211 | helots | Spartan word for their slaves, who were the conquered Messenians | 162 | |
| 1475672212 | Hinduism | the major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 1500 B.C. | 163 | |
| 1475672213 | hoplites | heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens | 164 | |
| 1475672214 | Julius Caesar | the general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire. | 165 | |
| 1475672215 | Laozi | Chinese Daoist philosopher; taught that governments were of secondary importance and recommended retreat from society into nature. | 166 | |
| 1475672216 | lateen sail | triangular sail that made it possible to sail against the wind; used in the Indian Ocean trade | 167 | |
| 1475672217 | Law of the Twelve Tables | Roman code of law administered by Augustus Caesar | 168 | |
| 1475672218 | Marathon | a battle in 490 BC in which the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians | 169 | |
| 1475672219 | Mark Antony | Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide | 170 | |
| 1475672220 | Mauryan Dynasty | first ruler was Chandragupta Maurya; unified much of the entire subcontinent; large armies with thousands of chariots and elephant borne troops; developed a substantial bureaucracy with a postal service; autocratic government | 171 | |
| 1475672221 | natural law | a rule or body of rules of conduct inherent in human nature and essential to or binding upon human society | 172 | |
| 1475672222 | aristocracy | a government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility | 173 | |
| 1475672223 | patricians | the wealthy class in Roman society; landowners | 174 | |
| 1475672224 | Mycenaeans | first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy | 175 | |
| 1475672225 | plebians | members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders | 176 | |
| 1475672226 | patron-client relationship | Ancient Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons | 177 | |
| 1475672227 | Peloponnesian War | a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta | 178 | |
| 1475672228 | Pericles | Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon. | 179 | |
| 1475672229 | Phoenicians | located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform | 180 | |
| 1475672230 | phonetic alphabet | an alphabet that contains a different symbol for each individual sound in a language; in this alphabet there is a one to one relationship between sounds and symbols | 181 | |
| 1475672231 | Plato | (430-347 BCE) qas a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. | 182 | |
| 1475672232 | polis | a city-state in Ancient Greece | 183 | |
| 1475672233 | princeps | Latin for "first citizen." Augustus and other Roman emperors gave themselves this title to distinguish themselves from Hellenistic monarchs | 184 | |
| 1475672234 | Qin Dynasty | the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall | 185 | |
| 1475672235 | Punic Wars | the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome. | 186 | |
| 1475672236 | reincarnation | the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions | 187 | |
| 1475672237 | satraps | governors of provinces in the Persian Empire | 188 | |
| 1475672238 | Roman Empire | an empire established by Augustus in 27 BC and divided in AD 395 into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire | 189 | |
| 1475672239 | scholar-gentry | Chinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China. | 190 | |
| 1475672240 | secularism | the view that the present well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil or public affairs | 191 | |
| 1475672241 | Socrates | philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method | 192 | |
| 1475672242 | stirrup | device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E. | 193 | |
| 1475672243 | Terra Cotta Army | army to protect Shi Huangdi in the afterlife; 700,000 clay soldiers | 194 | |
| 1475672244 | tribunes | official who was elected by the Plebeians to protect their interests | 195 | |
| 1475672245 | Triumvirate | in ancient Rome, a group of three leaders sharing control of the government. | 196 | |
| 1475672246 | tyrants | in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people's support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power | 197 | |
| 1475672247 | Upishads | sacred Hindu texts dealing with metaphysics | 198 | |
| 1475672248 | Virgil | greatest poet of the Golden Age, called the "Homer of Rome" because the Iliad and the Odyssey served as models for his epic, the Aeneid; focus on Patriotism; it took 10 years to write | 199 | |
| 1475672249 | Warring States Period | time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E. | 200 | |
| 1475672250 | Xerxes | son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C. | 201 | |
| 1475672251 | Abraham | the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac | 202 | |
| 1475672252 | Bhagavad-Gita | (Hinduism) the sacred 'song of God' composed about 200 BC and incorporated into the Mahabharata (a Sanskrit epic) | 203 | |
| 1475672253 | boddhisatva | Buddhist worthy of nirvana who postpones it to help others | 204 | |
| 1475672254 | dharma | in Hinduism, the duties and obligations of each caste | 205 | |
| 1475672255 | diaspora | the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture) | 206 | |
| 1475672256 | ethnic religions | focus on one ethnic group and generally have not spread into other cultures | 207 | |
| 1475672257 | Hebrew Bible | the name used by Jews for their scripture that is basically the same as Christians' Old Testament. | 208 | |
| 1475672258 | Jesus of Nazareth | a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity | 209 | |
| 1475672259 | Judaism | the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud | 210 | |
| 1475672260 | karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 211 | |
| 1475672261 | Mahabhrata | one of two Indian epics, also a religious text, provides information about the period of intermingling of cultures. The other epic is Ramayana. | 212 | |
| 1475672262 | moksha | the Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. | 213 | |
| 1475672263 | mudras | choreographed hand movements used in the rituals of vajrayana buddhism | 214 | |
| 1475672264 | nirvana | the lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires | 215 | |
| 1475672265 | Paul | (New Testament) a Christian missionary to the Gentiles | 216 | |
| 1475672266 | Ramayana | one of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne | 217 | |
| 1475672267 | reciprocity | the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us | 218 | |
| 1475672268 | Rig Veda | a collection of 1,017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text. | 219 | |
| 1475672269 | Shiva | an important Hindu deity who in the trinity of gods was the Destroyer | 220 | |
| 1475672270 | universalizing religions | a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. | 221 | |
| 1475672271 | Vishnu | a Hindu god considered the preserver of the world | 222 | |
| 1475672272 | xiao | filial piety, the virtue of reverence and respect for family (CONFUCIANISM) | 223 | |
| 1475672273 | ren | an attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism. | 224 | |
| 1475672274 | li | calls for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism. | 225 | |
| 1475672275 | yin-yang | in Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. | 226 |
