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| 10395181775 | Urinary system Functions? | 1. regulating body's water volume 2. regulating ion concentrations 3. excreting metabolic wasted and drugs/toxins 4. producing erythropoietin (rbc's) and renin | 0 | |
| 10395181776 | Urinary System Anatomy | 1. kidneys 2. ureters 3. urinary bladder 4. urethra | 1 | |
| 10395181777 | Kidney has 4 parts | 1. External Anatomy 2. Internal Anatomy 3. Blood supply 4. Nerve supply | 2 | |
| 10395201833 | External Anatomy of Kidney | 1. Bean-shaped 2. Renal Hilum 3. Renal Fascia 4. Perirenal Fat capsule 5. Fibrous capsule | 3 | |
| 10395201834 | Bean-shaped | protected by floating ribs | 4 | |
| 10395236563 | Renal Hilum | where blood vessels and ureters enter/exit | 5 | |
| 10395238217 | Renal Fascia | lines kidneys; dense CT; holds them in place | 6 | |
| 10395239093 | Perirenal Fat Capsule | adipose, cushions kidneys | 7 | |
| 10395239695 | Fibrous Capsule | outer layer; keeps infections out | 8 | |
| 10395241240 | Internal Anatomy of Kidney | 1. Renal cortex 2. Renal Medulla 3. Renal Pelvis | 9 | |
| 10395244683 | Renal Cortex | outer part of kidney | 10 | |
| 10395245286 | Renal Medulla | 1. Renal pyramids 2. Renal columns 3. 1 pyramid + columns + cortex= a lobe (8 total) | 11 | |
| 10395248687 | Renal Pelvis | Major and minor calyces or calyx | 12 | |
| 10395251223 | Blood supply | 1. Renal artery splits into segmental arteries, keeps splitting, going towards renal cortex 2. Branches rejoin and leave via renal vein | 13 | |
| 10395252334 | Nerve Supply | Renal Plexus | 14 | |
| 10395253543 | Renal Plexus | autonomic nerves, regulates blood flow and urine production. | 15 | |
| 10395255540 | Nephron | The structural and function unites of kidneys a) each kidney has over 1 million nephrons | 16 | |
| 10395258490 | Function of Nephron | 1. filter blood 2. reabsorb some substances if needed, and send what's left (urine) to the renal pelvis | 17 | |
| 10395274134 | Renal Corpuscle | its in the cortex 1) Glomerulus 2. Bowman's capsule | 18 | |
| 10395277963 | Glomerulus | tuft of fenestrated capillaries | 19 | |
| 10395278777 | Bowmans capsule | hollow ball, holds glomerulus 1. parietal layer 2. visceral layer 3. fluid (filtrate) filtrate filters out of the capillaries into a capsule 4. only smaller molecules can leave capillaries | 20 | |
| 10395282846 | Parietal layer | simple squamous epithelium | 21 | |
| 10395283445 | Visceral layer | podocytes lines glomerular surface | 22 | |
| 10395284102 | Renal Tubule | 1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 2. Descending and Ascending Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | 23 | |
| 10395286919 | Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) | 1. carries filtrate from Bowman's capsule 2. simple cuboidal epithelium WITH microvilli | 24 | |
| 10395289426 | Descending and Ascending Loop of Henle | 1. travels down into renal medulla, back up to cortex 2. Mixture of epithelial types | 25 | |
| 10395292390 | Distal convoluted tubules (DCT) | simple cuboidal epithelium WITHOUT microvilli | 26 | |
| 10395293918 | 2 types of nephrons | 1. cortical nephrons 2. Juxta medullary nephrons | 27 | |
| 10395295049 | Cortical nephrons | short loops of henle | 28 | |
| 10395296394 | Juxta-medullary nephrons | very long loops, help to concentrate urine | 29 | |
| 10395298389 | Nephrons | 1. Renal copuscle 2. Renal tubule 3. collecting ducts 4. capillary bed 5. Juxta glomerular Complex (JGC) | 30 | |
| 10395301452 | Collecting ducts | 1. many DCTs empty into the same collecting duct 2. carries filtrate down through pyramids to renal pelvis | 31 | |
| 10395303907 | Capillary beds | 1. Glomerulus has an afferent and efferent arteriole a) peritubular capillaries b) Vasa Recta | 32 | |
| 10395309469 | Peritubular capillaries | come from efferent aterioles a) wrap PCT and DCT, reabsorb some solutes and most water from the filtrate b) empty into venules | 33 | |
| 10395311550 | vasa recta | also come from efferent arterioles a) surrounds loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons | 34 | |
| 10395314596 | Glomerulus | makes filtrate (urine) then the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta reabsorb most substances back into circulation | 35 | |
| 10395317323 | Juxtaglomerular comples (JGC) | Each nephron's ascending loop of Henle passes by the afferent and efferent arterioles | 36 | |
| 10395318920 | 3 types of Juxtaglomerular Comples (JGC) | 1. Macula Densa 2. Granular cells 3. Mesangial Cells | 37 | |
| 10395320156 | Macula Densa | Cells that detect NaCl left in filtrate in the ascending loop | 38 | |
| 10395321775 | Granular cells | smooth muscle; controls diameter of afferent and efferent arterioles | 39 | |
| 10395323700 | Mesangial cells | carry signals from macula densa to granula cells | 40 | |
| 10395325704 | Urine Formation 1: Glomerular Filtration (GFR) {5 PARTS} | 1. Filtration Membrane 2. Pressures affecting filtration 3. Regulations of GFR 4. Tubuloglomerular Feedback 5. Renin-angiotensin- aldosteron mechanism | 41 | |
| 10395330757 | Filtration membrane | 1. Fenestrated glomerular capillary 2. Basement membrane 3. Podocytes | 42 | |
| 10395332824 | Fenestrated glomerular capillary | lets out everything except blood cells | 43 | |
| 10395333261 | Basement membrane | blocks all but the smallest proteins | 44 | |
| 10395333734 | Podocytes | in bownman's capsule 1. cells that make sure large molecules stay in bloo 2. wrap around glomerulus | 45 | |
| 10395335301 | pressures affecting filtration | 1. Hydrostatic Pressure of blood in glomerulus (HPG) 2. Hydrostatic pressure of filtrate in capsule (HPC) 3. Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerulus (COPG) | 46 | |
| 10395340021 | Hydrostatic pressure of blood in glomerulus (HPG) | high blood pressure, forces solutes out (+55 mmHg) | 47 | |
| 10395341457 | Hydrostatic pressure of filtrate in capsule (HPC) | pushes back against HPG (-15 mmHg) | 48 | |
| 10395341986 | Colloid osmotic pressure in glomerulus (COPG) | proteins in blood pull filtrate back (-30mmHg) | 49 | |
| 10395344667 | Net Filtration Pressure | HPG - HPC - COPG = Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) | 50 | |
| 10395348510 | Golmerular Filtration (GFR) | Net filtration pressure (NFP) determines this | 51 | |
| 10395350080 | Urine Formation | Glomerular Filtration determines the rate of urine formation | 52 | |
| 10395353092 | Regulation of GFR: | changing glomerular BP a) myogenic mechanism | 53 | |
| 10395358167 | Myogenic Mechanism | a) if AA gets stretches from high BP, it will constrict and vice versa b) keeps extreme BP changes from damaging glomerulus | 54 | |
| 10395360971 | Tubuloglomerular Feedback | 1. Juxtaglomerular complex detects NaCl levels 2. High NaCl ===> vasoconstriction of AA (lower GFR) 3. Low NaCl ===> vasodilation of AA (higher GFR) | 55 | |
| 10395367726 | Renin-angiotension-aldosterone mechanism | Indirect; raises systemic BP (and thus GFR) | 56 | |
| 10395369611 | 4 parts of Renin-angiotension-aldosterone mechanism | 1. Low BP ==> granular cells release renin 2. Renin activates angiotensin from liver 3. Angiotensin ===> adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone 4. Aldersterone - has 4 parts (next card) | 57 | |
| 10395374800 | Alderstone | 1. reabsorbs more sodium and thus more water 2. Post. Pituitary releases ADH ==> more water reabsorption in kidneys 3. triggers thirst 4. vasocontrictor | 58 | |
| 10395379379 | Urine Formation 2: Tubular Reabsorption | Most filtrate reabsorbed into peritubular capillaries around the PCT, LoH, DCT, and CD a) most reabsorption happens in PCT b) NA+ reabsorbed by active transports (pumps and ATP)--- Glucose, vitamins, etc tag along (2nd active transport) c) H2O follows Na+ by osmosis d) other ions (Cl, K, Ca), lipid- soluble solutes and urea- diffusion down concentration reabsorption | 59 | |
| 10395399523 | Urine formation 2: Tubular Reabsorption | Hormones affecting reabsorption: 1) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) 2. Aldosterone 3. Atrial Natriuteic Peptide (ANP) 4. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | 60 | |
| 10395403782 | antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | its from posterior pituitary a) it reduces urine by increasing water reabsorption in CD | 61 | |
| 10395407202 | Aldosterone | is from adrenal cortex a) it raises BP by reabsorbing Na+ and water in DCT and CD | 62 | |
| 10395409869 | Arial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | Its from the heart, a) lowers BP by slowing Na+ and water reabsorption | 63 | |
| 10395412303 | Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | increases absorption of calcium in DCT | 64 | |
| 10395415223 | Urine Formation 3: Tubular Secretion | Getting rid of junk that wasn't filtered or was reabsorbed a) drugs, urea, uric acid, K+, H+ b) happens throughout PCT, LoH, DCT, and CD | 65 | |
| 10395417519 | Urine | 1. clear, pale yellow ( pigment= urochrome) 2. smells like ammonia 3. pH~ 6 4. 95% water 5. Urea, uric acid, creatinine, Na+, K+ a) several other ions and small molecules | 66 | |
| 10395424333 | Ureters | Carry urine from renal pelvis to urinary bladder | 67 | |
| 10395424957 | Ureters has 3 layers | 1. Mucosa 2. Muscularis 3. Adventita | 68 | |
| 10395426020 | Mucusa | with transitional epithelium | 69 | |
| 10395426643 | Muscularis | circular and longitudinal smooth muscle | 70 | |
| 10395427729 | Adventita | fibrous CT | 71 | |
| 10395428214 | Urinary Bladder | 1. very distensible, stores up to ~800 mL 2. same 3 layers (Mucosa, Muscularis, Adventita) | 72 | |
| 10395431217 | Urethra | 1. drains urine from bladder to outside body 2. internal (involuntary) and External (voluntary) sphincters 3. Males 4. Females | 73 | |
| 10395432586 | urethra in Male | 1. runs through prostate glands out through penis 2. also carries semen | 74 | |
| 10395433248 | urethra in Female | 1. short, anterior to vagina, posterior to clitoris 2. Micturation= urination | 75 | |
| 10395435136 | Anuria | low urine production | 76 | |
| 10395435520 | Renal Failure | kidneys stop working | 77 | |
| 10395435529 | Hemodialysis | machine does the kidney's job | 78 | |
| 10395436417 | Renal Calculi | (kidney stones), precipitated calcium or uric acid a) treat with surgery or shock wave lithotripsy | 79 | |
| 10395438407 | Urinary tract infections | bacterial, more common in women | 80 | |
| 10395442186 | Glycosuria | glucose in urine, indicates Diabetes mellitus | 81 | |
| 10395443515 | Proteinuria | proteins in urine, from physical exertion, pregnancy, heart failure, glomerulonephritis | 82 | |
| 10395444806 | Bilirubinuria | liver disease | 83 | |
| 10395445891 | Hemoglobinuria | transfusion reaction, anemia | 84 | |
| 10395447074 | Hematuria | RBCs in urine, bleeding from stones, infections, cancer and other trauma | 85 | |
| 10395448126 | Pyuria | WBCs in urine, UTI | 86 |
