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| 4709114534 | Bering Strait | 36 miles (58 km) wide. |  | 0 |
| 4709114535 | Ice Age | a glacial episode during a past geological period. |  | 1 |
| 4709114842 | Aztecs | A Native American people who ruled Mexico and neighboring areas before the Spaniards conquered the region in the sixteenth century. Starting in the twelfth century, they built up an advanced civilization and empire. |  | 2 |
| 4709114843 | Mayas | A member of a Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, whose civilization reached its height around ad 300-900. They are noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system. |  | 3 |
| 4709114844 | Incas | a member of any of the dominant groups of South American Indian peoples who established an empire in Peru prior to the Spanish conquest. |  | 4 |
| 4709115403 | Pueblos | are modern and old communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States. The first Spanish explorers of the Southwest used this term to describe the communities housed in apartment-like structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other local material. |  | 5 |
| 4709115404 | Plains Indians | a member of any of various North American Indian peoples who formerly inhabited the Great Plains |  | 6 |
| 4709116081 | Eastern Woodland Indians | They lived in the forests near lakes or streams, Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons and tools came from the forest. The Iroquois, Mound Builders, Algonquian and Shawnee |  | 7 |
| 4709116751 | League of Iroquois | tribes including originally the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca (the Five Nations); after 1722 they were joined by the Tuscarora (the Six Nations) |  | 8 |
| 4709116898 | Renaissance | The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. |  | 9 |
| 4709117276 | Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer, and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. |  | 10 |
| 4709117277 | Amerigo Vespucci | was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts |  | 11 |
| 4709117538 | treaty of Tordesillas | agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers. |  | 12 |
| 4709118336 | Hernando Cortes | was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico |  | 13 |
| 4709118337 | Conquistadors | a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. |  | 14 |
| 4709118544 | St. Augustine | a seacoast city in NE Florida: founded by the Spanish 1565; oldest city in the U.S. |  | 15 |
| 4709118810 | Phillip II | king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) |  | 16 |
| 4709118811 | Jacques Cartier | French explorer known chiefly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name. |  | 17 |
| 4709119115 | John Cabot | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) |  | 18 |
| 4709119702 | Joint-stock Company | Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish plantations from the king |  | 19 |
| 4709119703 | Charter | is a document that gave colonies the legal rights to exist. This document, bestowing certain rights on a town, city, university or an institution. This document empowered when the king gave a grant of exclusive powers for the governance of land to proprietors or a settlement company. |  | 20 |
| 4709119704 | John Smith | served with the English Army abroad. Working as a soldier for hire (and professing to be highly successful in his military ventures), He eventually embarked on a campaign against the Turks in Hungary. There he was captured and enslaved. After receiving harsh treatment from his master, Smith killed him and escaped, eventually returning to England in the early 1600s. He eventually made his way to America to help govern the British colony of Jamestown. After allegedly being saved from death by Pocahontas, he established trading agreements with native tribes. |  | 21 |
| 4709120038 | Headright system | was originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land |  | 22 |
| 4709120039 | Indentured Servants | was a labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed term of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere. |  | 23 |
| 4709120174 | Burgesses | a representative in the popular branch of the colonial legislature of Virginia or Maryland. (formerly) a representative of a borough in the British Parliament. |  | 24 |
| 4709120285 | Puritans | a member of a group of Protestants that arose in the 16th century within the Church of England, demanding the simplification of doctrine and worship, and greater strictness in religious discipline: during part of the 17th century the Puritans became a powerful political party. |  | 25 |
| 4709120286 | Separatists | Independents, they were radical Puritans who, in the late sixteenth century, advocated a thorough reform within the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the slow pace of official reform, they set up churches outside the established order. |  | 26 |
| 4709120426 | Pilgrims | were a group of English people who came to America seeking religious freedom during the reign of King James I. After two attempts to leave England and move to Holland, a Separatist group was finally relocated to Amsterdam where they stayed for about one year. In August 1620 the group sailed for Southampton, England, where other English colonists who hoped to make a new life in America met them. September 1620 bound for the New World. They arrived as winter was settling in and endured significant hardships as they struggled to establish a successful colony at Plymouth. |  | 27 |
| 4709120672 | Mayflower Compact | signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States. |  | 28 |
| 4709120673 | John Winthrop | was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony. He led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies. |  | 29 |
| 4709121338 | Proprietary Colonies | any of certain colonies, as Maryland and Pennsylvania, that were granted to an individual or group by the British crown and that were granted full rights of self-government. Colony fully governed by governors chosen by private land owners; granted permission by the Crown; are eventually reclaimed by the Crown and made into royal colonies; Ex. MD, PN, DE |  | 30 |
| 4709121678 | Roger Williams | A Puritan religious leader of the seventeenth century, born in England. After he was expelled from Massachusetts for his tolerant religious views, he founded the colony of Rhode Island as a place of complete religious toleration. |  | 31 |
| 4709122017 | Anne Hutchinson | (1591-1643), was a Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. |  | 32 |
| 4709122018 | Sir George Calvert | was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together. |  | 33 |
| 4709122361 | Lord Baltimore | His father George Calvert was the first person to dream of a colony in America where Catholics and Protestants could prosper together. When Calvert died his son organized an expedition to Chesapeake Bay in 1633. He requested that the Toleration Act be passed. |  | 34 |
| 4709122362 | Toleration Act | 1689 granting freedom of worship to dissenters (excluding Roman Catholics and Unitarians) on certain conditions. Its real purpose was to unite all Protestants under William III against the deposed Roman Catholic James II. |  | 35 |
| 4709122473 | William Penn and what state did he establish? | He was Quaker interested in establishing a good society. Wanted Pennsylvania to be a Holy experiment. He helped plan the city of Philadelphia. | 36 | |
| 4709122474 | Quaker | (or Friends) are members of a historically (and still predominantly) Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. Christians who use no scripture and believe in great simplicity in daily life and in worship. Their services consist mainly of silent meditation. The Society became the first organization in history to ban slaveholding Disapproved of War and refused to serve in it. |  | 37 |
| 4709123472 | James Oglethorpe | (22 December 1696 - 30 June 1785) was a British general, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's worthy poor in the New World, initially focusing on those in debtors' prisons. |  | 38 |
