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| 320907052 | Enlightenment | A philosophical belief system in eighteenth-century Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 0 | |
| 320907053 | John Locke | English political philosopher (1632-1704) argued that in 1690 that governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property and that the people had a right to rebel when a monarch violated these natural rights. | 1 | |
| 320907054 | Jeans-Jacques Rousseau | French-Swiss intellectual (1712-1778) asserted that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the people in the Social Contract published in 1762. | 2 | |
| 320907055 | Stamp Act of 1765 | A tax on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and nearly all printed material deeply resented by colonists. | 3 | |
| 320907056 | Joseph Brant | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. | 4 | |
| 320907057 | Estates General | France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. | 5 | |
| 320907058 | Bastille | A medieval fortress used as a prison attacked by a crowd on July 14, 1789. | 6 | |
| 320907059 | Maximilien Robespierre | Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. | 7 | |
| 320907060 | Napoleon Bonaparte | General who overthrew the French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | 8 | |
| 320907061 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and the French. | 9 | |
| 320928458 | Congress of Vienna | Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. | 10 | |
| 320928459 | Agricultural Revolution | The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled. | 11 | |
| 320928460 | Mass Production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. | 12 | |
| 320928461 | Josiah Wedgwood | English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. | 13 | |
| 320928462 | Mechanization | The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century England. | 14 | |
| 320928463 | Steam Engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was later applied to moving machinery in factories and to powering ships and locomotives. | 15 | |
| 320928464 | Electric Telegraph | A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced by telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. | 16 | |
| 320928465 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician (1804-1881) spoke of "two nations between whom there is no intercourse and no sympathy, who are as ignorant of each other's habits, thoughts, and feelings as if they were dwellers in different zones, or inhabitants of different planets... the rich and the poor." in his novel Sybil, or The Two Nations. | 17 | |
| 320928466 | Laissez Faire | The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). | 18 | |
| 320928467 | Positivism | A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Their ideas became popular in France and Latin America in the nineteenth century. | 19 | |
| 320928468 | Simón Bolívar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. | 20 | |
| 320928469 | Miguel Hidalgo | Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. | 21 | |
| 320928470 | José Morelos | Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1815. | 22 | |
| 320928471 | Andrew Jackson | First president of the United States to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among the frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers. He had a successful political career as a judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied the presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832. | 23 | |
| 320928472 | Benito Juárez | President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a french invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor. | 24 | |
| 320943396 | Tecumseh | Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle. | 25 | |
| 320943397 | Abolitionists | Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in the British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865). | 26 | |
| 320943398 | Acculturation | The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants. | 27 | |
| 320943399 | Minas Gerais | A state in Brazil that experienced a series of mining booms that began with gold in the late seventeenth century and continued with iron ore in the nineteenth. | 28 | |
| 320943400 | Muhammad Ali | Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. | 29 | |
| 320943401 | Serbia | The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. | 30 | |
| 320943402 | Tanzimat | Restructuring reforms by the nineteenth century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. | 31 | |
| 320943403 | Crimean War | Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. | 32 | |
| 320943404 | Extraterritoriality | The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | 33 | |
| 320958938 | Pan-Slavism | Movement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe. | 34 | |
| 320958939 | Decembrist revolt | Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825. | 35 | |
| 320958940 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. | 36 | |
| 320958941 | Taiping Rebellion | A christian-inspired rural rebellion that threatened to topple the Qing Empire. | 37 | |
| 320958942 | Treaty of Nanking | The treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain with a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain. | 38 | |
| 320958943 | Cixi | Also known as Empress Dowager (1835-1908) was a powerful and charismatic woman of the Manchu Yehenara clan, who unofficially but effectively controlled the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. | 39 |
