Terms : Hide Images
| Wars between the French and Germans when the French returned to Italy. | ||
| 1559. ended the habsburg-valois wars. france lost. | ||
| King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. | ||
| a naval battle fought between a Spanish and Venetian fleet and the German navy. The Spanish won. The battle meant that European navies ahd surpassed the Muslims. The Turks could no longer challenge Europeans on international routes. | ||
| the Dutch rebelled against Phillip II because he tried to impose Catholicism in the Netherlands; the Dutch were also motivated by economic factors, since they believed they were being unfairly taxed | ||
| Ruler of the Netherlands who led a revolt for independence against Hapsburg Philip II of Spain. | ||
| formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire | ||
| Seventeen provinces, (Belgium, Modern Netherlands, Luxemborg) which are basically the Low Countries. They are called low be cause they are below sea level, the are surrounded by dikes and wind mills. | ||
| daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon; married Philip of Spain; burned Cranmer | ||
| English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise | ||
| (1588) In this battle Phillip II tried to attack England but his naval fleet was completely destroyed | ||
| 9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II | ||
| Was the wife of Henry II (Valois). She acted as regent during the reign of her three weak and ineffective sons - Francis II (1559-60) Charles IX (1560-74) Henry III (1574-89). Ordered the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. | ||
| This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV) | ||
| Henry of Navarre- 1st Bourbon King. ended french civil wars- Edict of Nantes- some religious protection of Huguenots ( French Potestants). Assassinated in 1610 | ||
| A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). | ||
| 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | ||
| (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. | ||
| The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain. 1618-1625 | ||
| The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. | ||
| The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants. | ||
| mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants. | ||
| Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation. | ||
| The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. | ||
| joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen | ||
| The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics. | ||
| This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy | ||
| Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | ||
| The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means. | ||
| (1461-1483) French king, nicknamed the"Spider King," manipulated the Estates-General to gain a permanent taille, took over part of Burgandy when Charles the Bold died | ||
| This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots | ||
| 1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. | ||
| tax on property and land, provided permanent income for French royal government | ||
| struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII | ||
| 1485-1603 Henry VII gained power and ended wars of nobility/"livery and maintenence". Established Courty of Star Chamber that tortured nobles. | ||
| first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509. Anglican Church | ||
| a former English court that became notorious for its arbitrary methods and severe punishments | ||
| The king and queen of Spain who gave Columbus the funds that he needed to find a route to Asia. | ||
| The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. | ||
| Hermandades or "brotherhoods" were popular groups in the town. They were given authority to act as both local police forces and as a judicial panel. | ||
| the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries) | ||
| the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498) | ||
| Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism | ||
| This was the royal dynasty of Austria that ruled over a vast part of Central Europe while battling with the Turks over Hungary | ||
| first hapsburg leader of the HRE, he gained much territory with his marriage to Mary of Burgundy and began a dynastic struggle with the Valois and the Hapsburgs ( Hapsburg-Valois wars) | ||
| Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563). | ||
| the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. | ||
| the middle class, including merchants, industrialists and profressional people | ||
| a port in northern Belgium on the Scheldt river, commercial and financial capital of Europen world | ||
| a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas | ||
| an association of individuals in a business enterprise with transferable shares of stock, much like a corporation except that stockholders are liable for the debts of the business | ||
| the stock exchange in Paris | ||
| an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | ||
| increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver | ||
| the three main motivations of explorations | ||
| first European to make a globe | ||
| (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. | ||
| first to sail around the cape of good hope | ||
| Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | ||
| The italian sailor who corrected Columbus's mistake, acknowledging the coasts of america as a new world. America is named after him | ||
| Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) | ||
| Spanish missionary (priest) who was an "upstander" for the Tainos. Published several books on the mistreatment of the Indians. | ||
| Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. | ||
| Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519) | ||
| Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | ||
| spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain | ||
| Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) | ||
| 1531- 1533- Defeated Incas and added their territories to Spanish Empire | ||
| 1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture. | ||
| priviledge given by Spain to Spanish settlers in the Americas which allowed to control the lands and people of a certain territory | ||
| A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory | ||
| descendents of Spanish-born BUT born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status | ||
| characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations | ||
| governor of england. laid foundation to portuguese imperialism | ||
| This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity | ||
| Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies until the british came and took over | ||
| The Slave Trade. | ||
| The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans | ||
| A Deadly disease that Europeans brought to the New World. It spreads Rapidly | ||
| most significant disease transmitted to Europeans by Amerindians-affected thousands of people | ||
| New World crop that increased the food supply; it may have accounted for the population explosion | ||
| 1450-1650 population boom | ||
| Occured as a result of the people believing an older woman usually in the guise of a man consults with the devel...considered and, soon after, declared heresy |
