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| 10769803914 | To what extent was ancient Chinese society unique to other societies of its time | To the extent that it was shaped by the actions of the state. | 0 | |
| 10769824110 | Where was being China shaped by the state most apparent? | In the political power and immense social prestige of Chinese state officials (Most of which were male) | 1 | |
| 10769855877 | Who represented the cultural and social elite of China and how long did this last? | Bureaucrats acting in the name of the emperor both in the capital and in the provinces. This lasted for more than 2000 years. | 2 | |
| 10769918984 | Where did the Chinese bureaucrats have their origins? | They raised when there were efforts of the earlier Chinese rulers to find administrators loyal to the central state as oppose to the emperor's own family or regions. | 3 | |
| 10770007952 | What did philosophers such as Confucius long advocated? | That they emperor should select officials on the basis of merit and personal morality rather than birth or wealth. | 4 | |
| 10770048729 | How did the Han Dynasty Rulers choose their officials? | The rulers required that each province to send men of promise to the capital, they would then examine the men and then would be chosen for official positions on the basis of performance. | 5 | |
| 10770090081 | Overtime, what did the operations of selecting officials turn into? | It evolved into the world's first professional civil service. | 6 | |
| 10770104995 | What and when did Emperor Wu Di establish? | In 124 B.C.E. he established the imperial academy where potential officials were trained as scholars and immersed in texts dealing with history, literature, art, and mathematics. | 7 | |
| 10770139605 | What did Emperor Wu Di's academies teachings find basis in? | The academy emphasized their teaching on Confucianism and his teachings. | 8 | |
| 10770157094 | By the end of the Han Dynasty how many people where in Wu Di's academy and what would they be subjected to? | 30,000 students; they would be subjected to a series of written examinations to select officials of various grades. | 9 | |
| 10770195029 | In theory what would these Chinese elite academies do? What did they actually accomplish? | In theory any man should of been able to participate, however, typically the practice favored only the wealthy men & families who had enough to provide for the years of education required to pass the tests. | 10 | |
| 10770239264 | What was another way people could get into the academy, even if having a lack of funds? | If they were in proximity to the capital or had family connections to the imperial court may have helped in gaining a position in the highest of Chinese elites. | 11 | |
| 10770276196 | What was one way a commoner in China could find their ways into the academies? | If they would be sponsored by a village community or a local landowner sponsoring them | 12 | |
| 10770306498 | What happened to the Chinese academy as in later dynasties? | The system grew even more elaborate and became an enduring and distinguishing feature of Chinese civilization. | 13 | |
| 10770335826 | What were the some of the distinguishing physical features of the senior nobles? The lower nobles? | Many of the senior officials were dressed and decorated in robes, ribbons, seals, and headdresses that symbolized their rank, they also rode around in carriages. The lower officials were still distinguished from others by their polished speech, cultural sophistication, urban manners, and their political authority. | 14 | |
| 10770378488 | What was some of the things these Chinese officials establish? | They were bearers and often the makers of Chinese culture. They were the leaders of the populace. | 15 | |
| 10770404847 | What were some of the trials and tribulations for some of these men? | During the times of political turmoil they experienced tension between their official duties and their personal inclination toward a more withdrawn life of reflective scholarship. | 16 | |
| 10770429337 | What did wealth typically equate to in Ancient China? | Land | 17 | |
| 10770443878 | What happened to the Land in the Qin Dynasty? By what time did this happen and who owned the land? | The land's unified by 210 B.C.E. most of the land was held by small-scale peasant farmers. | 18 | |
| 10770474291 | What happened in China by the first century B.C.E.? What had in generated? | There were pressures of population growth, taxation, and indebtedness. These generated a large class of large landowners as impoverished peasants that found it necessary to sell their lands to more prosperous neighbors. | 19 | |
| 10770516461 | What was a common happenstance in Chinese history and what did it frequently do? | The accumulation of land in sizable estates and it frequently, though not very successfully, opposed the state authorities. | 20 | |
| 10770668866 | What were some of the things Owners of Large land got away with in Ancient China? | They were to avoid paying their taxes, this would decrease state revenues and increasing the tax burden of remaining peasants. In some select cases they were able to mount their own militarily forces that would challenge the emperor's authority. | 21 | |
| 10770744876 | What was the most dramatic effort by the Chinese state to stop these efforts by the Owners of Large Land? Who was this associated with this? | Wang Mang, a high court official of the Han Dynasty, usurped the emperor's throne in 8 C.E. and launched a series of startling reforms. He was firm in believing Confucian values and order that the large surmounts of land be divided up among landless. | 22 | |
| 10770806050 | Why did Wang Mang want to divide up the land? What other reforms did he do to strengthen this? | He considered that the farmers were the backbone of Chinese societies. There would also be government loans to peasant families, limits on the amount of land a family may own, and he put an end to private salery. | 23 | |
| 10770832292 | Why did Wang Mang fail? What happened to him afterwards? | His efforts could not be enforced. There was great opposition from wealthy landowners, nomadic invasions, poor harvests, flood, and famines led to the collapse of the reforms. Wang Mang was later assassinated in 23 C.E. | 24 | |
| 10770882092 | What happened to large landowning families after Wang Mang's collapse? | They remained a central feature of Chinese societies. Although families would rise and fall. | 25 | |
| 10770913631 | Describe the term "scholar gentry" in reference to ancient China | It reflected their twin sources of privilege. Members of the scholar gentry lived luxuriously with homes in both urban and rural areas. There assets included Multi-storied houses, fine silk clothing, gleaming carriages, private orchestras, and high-stake gambling. | 26 | |
| 10771048359 | What were some levels of peasantry in ancient China? | Some owned enough land to support their families and sell at the local markets, but some could barely survive daily living. | 27 | |
| 10771096696 | What were some of the biggest threats, natural and governmental, that made the life of peasants even more difficult in ancient China. | Famines, floods, droughts, hail, pests, payment of taxes, the demand for a month's labor every year on public projects, and conscripting young men from the military service. | 28 | |
| 10771129658 | What did many peasants do during the Han Dynasty? | The growing numbers of the impoverished peasants became desperate and sold their land to large landowners. They would then work as tenants or sharecroppers on their estates. The rent for this could run as high as 1/2-2/3 of the crop yield. Other peasants fled to become beggars or being in gangs of bandits | 29 | |
| 10771190570 | What did the conditions of Ancient Chinese peasantry often lead to? | They often lead to peasant rebellions and the cycle repeated itself for over 2000 years. | 30 | |
| 10771216100 | What did bands of peasants do by the end of the second century C.E. in China? | They joined together as floods along the Yellow River and resulting epidemics compounded the misery of landlessness and poverty. This lead to a massive peasant uprising to be known as the Yellow Turban Rebellion. | 31 | |
| 10771257177 | Why was the Yellow Turban Rebellion called such? | Because of the yellow scarves the peasants wore around their heads. | 32 | |
| 10771279891 | How big did the Yellow Turban Rebellion become? What did it contain within? | By 184 C.E. the movement swelled to about 360,000 people and found leaders, organization, and a unifying ideology in the popular form of Daoism | 33 | |
| 10771314087 | What were some of the highlighting features of the Yellow Turban Rebellion? | Supernatural Healing, collective trances, and public confessions of sin. This would lead to, "Great Peace" | 34 | |
| 10771337073 | What was the "great peace" in reference to the Yellow Turban Rebellion. | A golden age of equality, social harmony, and common ownership of property | 35 | |
| 10771371957 | How was the Yellow Turban Rebellion dealt with by Chinese officials? What did it do years after its existence? | The rebellion was suppressed by the military forces of the Han Dynasty. After a while, the Yellow Turban Rebellion and other peasant resistance, devastated the economy, weakened the state, and contributed to the overthrow of the dynasty. | 36 | |
| 10771448085 | How were peasants viewed in ancient Chinese society? | They were both oppressed and exploited by honored and celebrated. Celebrated for how they represented the official ideology of the state. | 37 | |
| 10775554739 | How did the "scholar gentry" view the peasantry in China? | The solid productive backbone of the country, their hard work and endurance in the face of difficulties were worthy to praise. | 38 | |
| 10775601153 | How did the Merchants in China view their life and how they were seen by the Chinese? | They didn't have a favorable reputation among the cultural elite. There were seen as unproductive, they sold from the works of others. They would be stereotyped as being greedy, luxury loving, and materialistic. They were seen as social threats and deprived that state of needed revenues. | 39 | |
| 10775646773 | How did the Han Dynasty stop merchants? | They forbid merchants to wear silk, ride horses, and carry arms. They also may not sit for civil test examinations or hold public offices. | 40 | |
| 10775666064 | What are examples of things Merchants couldn't sell in China? | Salt, Iron, and alcohol | 41 | |
| 10775672799 | What did some Chinese dynasties later do to limit merchants? | They forced them to loan large sums of money to the state | 42 | |
| 10775680603 | How did Merchants do in the face of the discrimination in China? | They still turned to be very wealthy, some tried to achieve the status of a state official by purchasing estate or they would educate their sons for the civil exams. | 43 | |
| 10775747077 | How did the Chinese state often operate with merchants? | Many times there were backdoor relations to them via state officials and landlords who found them useful and were not averse to profiting from business connections with merchants, despite their unsavory reputation. | 44 | |
| 10775788329 | What traits of social organization did India share with China? | Both had broad features such as both having birth determined social status for most people with little social mobility. There were sharp distinctions and great inequalities characterized in social life and religious or cultural traditions that defended said inequalities. | 45 | |
| 10775817636 | What was the system of inequalities and status in India refereed to as? | The Caste system, caste meaning race or purity of blood in Portuguese. | 46 | |
| 10775849296 | What is seen as a possible beginning of the Caste system? | That it evolved from a racially defined encounter between light-skinned Aryan invaders and the darker hued native peoples | 47 | |
| 10775867775 | Was the Caste system functioning on racism? | No, in most incarnations it was mostly based on economic specialization and of culture. | 48 | |
| 10775891585 | By what point in Indian history was the Caste system highly embedded? | around 500 B.C.E. | 49 | |
| 10775937614 | How many classes was the Caste System divided into? What were these classes called? | It was divided into 4 classes called varnas. | 50 | |
| 10775960466 | If you were born into a Varna how could you escape it? | You couldn't. | 51 | |
| 10775970494 | What were the ranks of the Caste system? | 1. The Brahmins, the spirituals leaders and connections to supernatural forces. 2. Kshatriya Class, warriors and rulers whom protected the government and society 3. Vaisya class commoners who cultivated land. 4. Sudras Native peoples incorporated into the margins of Aryan rituals. | 52 | |
| 10776013715 | What's an example of how little Sudras were valued? | The Brahmins could kill one and be penalized the same if they killed a cat or dog | 53 | |
| 10776023813 | According to the Varna theory how did the Caste come to be | It was formed as a body of the god Purusha and were therefore eternal and changeless. | 54 | |
| 10776037343 | What class emerged to be lower than the Sudras? | The untouchables men and women who did the work considered most unclean and polluting. Examples would be cremating corpses, dealing with dead animal skins, and serving as executioners. | 55 | |
| 10776132954 | What was the Jaitis | Another social system that arose that were occupationally based. | 56 | |
| 10776143682 | What were the two systems formed to make the Caste systems? | The Jati and the Varna | 57 | |
| 10776156413 | What is an example of the limitations of Jatis? | You may only eat and marry those that were in the same Jati as you | 58 | |
| 10776171085 | What are some of the labels that came with each Jati? | Each Jati had a particular set of duties, rules, and obligations | 59 | |
| 10776182210 | What was a main adage used to describe the Caste System? | It is better to do one's own duty badly than to another's well | 60 | |
| 10776192642 | What were some values attributed to the Caste system to justify its existence? | That it instilled ritual purity and pollution | 61 | |
| 10776198231 | What was considered to happen if say a Brahmin came into contact with a dead animal skin handler? | They would be polluted and ritually impure. | 62 | |
| 10776208501 | What did they see as a reflection of when you were borne into a certain Caste. | That it meant in your past life you had bad karma and your prior actions were awful. | 63 | |
| 10776226347 | What are some of the only ways for one to raise there Jati status? | THE only ways is by acquiring land or wealth, i.e. acting like a higher Caste, finding a past "overlooked" ancestor" that was in a higher caste, another particular Jati slowly being redefined as another category. | 64 | |
| 10776277792 | How did India's social system differ from China's? | It gave more priority to religious status and purity, China elevated political officials. China had fewer social divides than India and India's classes are far more rigid than China's were. | 65 | |
| 10776353024 | What are some reasons people enjoyed the Caste systems? | May flocked to it because of the honeycomb structure that defined various peoples, cultures, and traditions but still let them retain some unique qualities. | 66 | |
| 10776366987 | What did the India Caste system often facilitate? | The exploit of the poor by the wealthy and powerful and made the lower Castes oppressed. | 67 | |
| 10776377543 | What is often seen as the first model of slavery done by the Paleolithic people? | The domestication of animals | 68 | |
| 10776383480 | What are considered contributions to the idea of slavery? | War, patriarchy, and the notion of private property | 69 | |
| 10776390720 | Who were some of the first slaves in societies? | Prisoners of War, mainly women who would be raped then turned into concubines as slaves. | 70 | |
| 10776399306 | What would often happened to the male captives in first societies? | They would be killed. | 71 | |
| 10776407064 | What will we be defining as a slave in history? | They would be owned by some formed of master, able to be sold, worked without pay, be the lowest, or one of the lowest people to be, and the status of being an "outsider" or "lesser" | 72 | |
| 10776430628 | How many civilizations practiced slavery? | Almost, if not all civilizations from Americas, Africa, and Eurasia | 73 | |
| 10776442037 | What is one society that next to never had much of any slavery? | China | 74 | |
| 10776446719 | How would freedom come to slaves in early societies? Where did their protection come from? | Some examples would be the children allowing to be free, the slaves buying their ways out, their labor might be lessened, they might be granted their own land, In India if a master would rape his slave she would be let go, and in some places they would have religious protection. | 75 | |
| 10776468333 | What second wave civilization still frequently participated slavery? | The Greco-Romans | 76 | |
| 10776474841 | What is considered the average number of slaves in Athens? | 60,000 slaves, or 1/3 of the population | 77 | |
| 10776488811 | How did Aristotle view slavery? | That some people were slaves by nature and should be enslaved for their own good and for society's good. | 78 | |
| 10776499956 | Who owned slaves in Greek society? | Everyone, even poorer families had about 2 female slaves. | 79 | |
| 10776506643 | By about 0 C.E. how many slaves were in the Roman Empire? | Roughly 2-3 million slaves or 33-40% | 80 | |
| 10776512406 | How many slaves did a wealthy Roman typically own? | It can be often be as huge as hundreds or even thousand per one person. | 81 | |
| 10776520633 | Where did the vast majority of slaves come from in Rome? | They were mostly prisoners captured in wars. | 82 | |
| 10776530500 | What happened to the children of slaves in Rome? | They were still seen as slaves, but often less troublesome and considered "home-born" | 83 | |
| 10776538067 | Which groups often became slaves in Ancient Rome? | There was no select group, anyone could become a salve; Egyptians, Syrians, Jews, Greeks, Gauls, and North Africans. (among others) | 84 | |
| 10776543966 | What happened to slavery after the Christian reform? | There were still many slaves in Rome and in the New Testament slavery was seen as a punishment. | 85 | |
| 10776555798 | What was the one Roman Job that wasn't allowed to be done to taken into slaves/slavery? | Military Service | 86 | |
| 10776561538 | What were some of the laws condemning slaves in Rome? | They would never be able to own their own property, they couldn't be legally married, and if one slave were to murder their master then all the master's slaves would be killed as well | 87 | |
| 10776572590 | What was a common Roman saying about slaves? | "Every Slave we own is an enemy we harbor" | 88 | |
| 10776583236 | Who is probably the most famous slave escaping their master? | Spartacus | 89 | |
| 10776589866 | In Second wave civilizations how did feminine and masculine roles become defined? | Often they were defined by merging of cultures, agriculture, and religions. | 90 | |
| 10776595981 | What happened to the power of the patriarchy as civilizations went on? | They continued to strengthen, except modern societies of course. | 91 | |
| 10776603665 | Name positions that allowed for some womanly control in a man's job. | Nun's, rulers, shop keep, and other various occupations | 92 | |
| 10776757716 | what ideology did many of the patriarchal ideas sprout from in Ancient Chinese culture? | Confucianism | 93 | |
| 10776765392 | What principal was often related to what women and men roles in Chinese culture? | The yin and the yang; the yin was to represent feminine attributes and earthly matters, while the yang was masculine and represented the sky and heavenly matters | 94 | |
| 10776778984 | What were some sexist practices placed upon young girls in ancient China? | They were placed under the bed to sleep for the first years of their lives to represent their lowly status. They were given broken pottery to play with and were to be held responsible for homely duties. | 95 | |
| 10776789739 | What type of ancient Chinese women were allowed to have some weight in political affairs? | Mainly the wives, widows, and concubines of emperors. | 96 | |
| 10776803166 | Where ancient Chinese women completely powerless in their society? | No, much of their work came into working in the house and focusing on their daughters, the marriages of their sons and their control of their daughter-in-law's . In many poorer families the work of their women was highly valued because it still provided some kind of economy. | 97 | |
| 10776821441 | How did the structure of the patriarchy change after the Han Dynasty fell? What are some of the reasons? How long did this last? | After the fall the strength of patriarchy loosened considerably. Especially when philosophies and religions such as Daoism and Buddhism entered China as well as the nomadic and pastoral invasions of northern China. These changes would last for the next 5-6 centuries. | 98 | |
| 10776837567 | How did Chinese authors and writers often see and portray elite women of their society? | That they were capable of handling legal and business affairs on their own and on occasion ride horses and playing polo, bareheaded, and wearing men's clothing. | 99 | |
| 10776854336 | What was the name of the Empress whom gave powerful government positions to women, commissioned biographies about influential women, as well as a "human-being" who had a male free birth. | Empress Wu | 100 | |
| 10776868079 | How many rulers would be similar to Empress Wu after her reign? | none | 101 | |
| 10776870605 | What did Daoism texts refer to "dao" as meaning? | mother | 102 | |
| 10776877915 | What roles were women allowed to have in Daoists ideals? | Priests, nuns, or even reclusive mediators. They were allowed to reach a cosmic truth and share their findings. | 103 | |
| 10776887911 | What happened to China's patriarchy once the Song Dynasty began? | It became more restrictive | 104 | |
| 10776897816 | How did Athens and Sparta differ in their view on women? | Athens had a very patriarchal views of women while Sparta did not have such a restrictive women. | 105 | |
| 10776904737 | What parts of Athens had a lack of women? | It had no women in the Assembly, the councils, or the juries of Athens. If in a legal matter women must be represented as a man and they wouldn't be referred to by name. | 106 | |
| 10776918291 | How did Aristotle view women? | "A woman is, as it were, an infertile male. She is female in fact on account of a kind of inadequacy." | 107 | |
| 10776927680 | Where did the woman inferiority in Greece often originate? | Their inability to produce to sperm, which was considered to be the form and soul. | 108 | |
| 10776935222 | What were women often compared to in Athens? What were they considered to be? | Women were often seen as being similar to children or animals and they lacked the rationality that men possessed. | 109 | |
| 10776947542 | What was seen as Athenian women's main purpose? | To function inside the home, they were to be married in their mid-teens to men often 15 years older than themselves. | 110 | |
| 10776953982 | What were some Athenian laws that restricted women? | They were not allowed to inherit property, own personal property, buy or sell land, and other various laws. | 111 | |
| 10776963197 | What is one example of a strong and powerful Athenian women? How was she received? | Aspasia, she had a job that could be compared to a Japanese Geisha. She was seen positively and negatively, but both sides saw her as being remarkable and rare. | 112 | |
| 10776985378 | How were men and women raised in Sparta? | By age 7, Spartan boys would leave the house and train for the military. The house would then focus on the women and in society later on women would often take part in sporting events and work. | 113 | |
| 10777000053 | What's an example of people the Spartans did oppress? | They banned homosexuality | 114 | |
| 10777003467 | Did Sparta still have a patriarchy? | Yes, while it was lighter than other places for the time there were still practices that instilled a main male role and a subordinate female role. | 115 |
