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Week 20 - European States, International Wars, and Social Change Flashcards

The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change

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597011133"enlightened despots"monarchs who ruled by philosophes advice where the biggest of which were Frederick II of Prussia, Catherina the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria
597011134Louis XVlazy and weak king of France who let ministers and mistresses influence his rule
597011135Madame de Pompadourmistress of King Louis XV of France who made important political decisions
597011136Louis XIVFrench king who lacked the ability to deal with French affairs
597011137Marie Antoinettewife of King Louis XIV of France whose nickname was "Madame Deficit"
597011138Walpoleprime minister of Britain who pursued a peaceful foriegn policy to avoid land taxes
597011139William Pitt the Elderprime minister of England who acquired Canada and India
597011140Wilkesoutspoken journalist who criticized the kings ministers and whose name became associated with liberty in England
597011141William Pitt the Youngerprime minister under George III of England who was supported by merchants and the industrial class
597011142PatriotsDutch burghers who wanted democratic reforms
597011143Frederick William Iking of Prussia who established the Great Directory
597011144Great Directorychief administrative unit of the central government in Prussia that surpervised military, police, economic, and financial affairs
597011145Frederick the Great (Frederick II)considered himself the "first servant of the state"
597011146Marie Theresamade Austria more centralized and bureaucratic
597011147Joseph IIking of Prussia who issued a reform program based on ideals of the Enlightenment
597011148Catherine the Great (Catherine II)ruler of Russia who expanded lands westward and southward, surpressed the serfs, and was supported by the nobility
597011149Instructionwritten by Catherine the Great, this advocated equality of all people
597011150Charter of Nobility (1785)formalized the new rights of the gentry that consisted of special legal privileges such as right to trial by peer and exemption from personal taxation
597011151Cossacksindependent tribes of fierce warriors who at times fought for the Russians against the Turks, but resisted the attmpt of government to absorb them into the empire
597011152PugachevCossack who led a peasant rebellion in Russia
597011153Treaty of Kuchuk-KainarjiRussians were given land, the privivelege of protecting Greek Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman empire, and the right to sail in Turkish waters
597011154Philip Vking of Spain who made the king of Spain the king of Castile
597011155Charles IIISpanish king who banished the Jesuits and brought the church under control
597011156Pombalchief minister in Portugal who curtailed the nobility and Catholic church
597011157Gustavus IIIking of Sweden who reasserted the power of the monarchy and is considered one of the "most enlightened monarchs of his age"
597011158Leopold Ienlightened reformer and ruler of Tuscany
597011159War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)war between European powers to gain territory in Prussia after Maria Theresa came to the throne
597011160Pragmatic SanctionEuropean powers agreed to recognize Maria Theresa as legal heir to the Austrian throne
597011161Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelleended the War of Austrian Succession and returned all occupied territories to their original owners except for Silesia, which Prussia kept
597011162diplomatic revolutionFrance switched allies from Prussia to Austria, Britain switched allies from Austria to Prussia, and Russia allied with France and Austria
597011163Seven Years' Warwar between France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia over Silisia, American land, and India
597011164Peace of Hubertusburgended the Seven Years' War and recognized Prussian control of Silesia
597011165Great War for Empirea part of the Seven Years' War that was fought in India and North America between the British and the French
597011166Treaty of Paris (1763)India, lands east of the Mississippi in North America, and Canada were given to the British
597011167French and Indian Warname of the Seven Years' War fought in North America over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence River and the Ohio River Valley between France and Britain
597011168Tullused a hoe to help palnts grow better as well as a drill to plant seeds in rows
597011169Bank of Englandrecieved deposits and echanged forigen currency like other banks, but also made loans
597011170"putting-out" systemmerchant-capitalist entrepreneurs bought the raw materials and gave them rural workers who spun the raw material into yarn, wove it into cloth, then the entrepreneurs would seel the finished product
597011171"cottage industry"spinners and weavers who did their work in their own rural cottages
597011172Arkwrightinvented the water frame which was powered by a horse or water and turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels
597011173asientothe privilege given to Britain to transport slaves into Spanish Latin America
597011174"sugar factoriessugar plantations in the Caribbean
597011175triangluar tradeBritish manufactured goods were carried to Africa and exchanged for slaves which were shipped to North America and traded for tobacco which would go back to Britain
597011176PalladioVenetian architect who specialized in the design of country villas
597011177Grand toursons of aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of Europe's major cities

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