The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
597011133 | "enlightened despots" | monarchs who ruled by philosophes advice where the biggest of which were Frederick II of Prussia, Catherina the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria | |
597011134 | Louis XV | lazy and weak king of France who let ministers and mistresses influence his rule | |
597011135 | Madame de Pompadour | mistress of King Louis XV of France who made important political decisions | |
597011136 | Louis XIV | French king who lacked the ability to deal with French affairs | |
597011137 | Marie Antoinette | wife of King Louis XIV of France whose nickname was "Madame Deficit" | |
597011138 | Walpole | prime minister of Britain who pursued a peaceful foriegn policy to avoid land taxes | |
597011139 | William Pitt the Elder | prime minister of England who acquired Canada and India | |
597011140 | Wilkes | outspoken journalist who criticized the kings ministers and whose name became associated with liberty in England | |
597011141 | William Pitt the Younger | prime minister under George III of England who was supported by merchants and the industrial class | |
597011142 | Patriots | Dutch burghers who wanted democratic reforms | |
597011143 | Frederick William I | king of Prussia who established the Great Directory | |
597011144 | Great Directory | chief administrative unit of the central government in Prussia that surpervised military, police, economic, and financial affairs | |
597011145 | Frederick the Great (Frederick II) | considered himself the "first servant of the state" | |
597011146 | Marie Theresa | made Austria more centralized and bureaucratic | |
597011147 | Joseph II | king of Prussia who issued a reform program based on ideals of the Enlightenment | |
597011148 | Catherine the Great (Catherine II) | ruler of Russia who expanded lands westward and southward, surpressed the serfs, and was supported by the nobility | |
597011149 | Instruction | written by Catherine the Great, this advocated equality of all people | |
597011150 | Charter of Nobility (1785) | formalized the new rights of the gentry that consisted of special legal privileges such as right to trial by peer and exemption from personal taxation | |
597011151 | Cossacks | independent tribes of fierce warriors who at times fought for the Russians against the Turks, but resisted the attmpt of government to absorb them into the empire | |
597011152 | Pugachev | Cossack who led a peasant rebellion in Russia | |
597011153 | Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji | Russians were given land, the privivelege of protecting Greek Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman empire, and the right to sail in Turkish waters | |
597011154 | Philip V | king of Spain who made the king of Spain the king of Castile | |
597011155 | Charles III | Spanish king who banished the Jesuits and brought the church under control | |
597011156 | Pombal | chief minister in Portugal who curtailed the nobility and Catholic church | |
597011157 | Gustavus III | king of Sweden who reasserted the power of the monarchy and is considered one of the "most enlightened monarchs of his age" | |
597011158 | Leopold I | enlightened reformer and ruler of Tuscany | |
597011159 | War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) | war between European powers to gain territory in Prussia after Maria Theresa came to the throne | |
597011160 | Pragmatic Sanction | European powers agreed to recognize Maria Theresa as legal heir to the Austrian throne | |
597011161 | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle | ended the War of Austrian Succession and returned all occupied territories to their original owners except for Silesia, which Prussia kept | |
597011162 | diplomatic revolution | France switched allies from Prussia to Austria, Britain switched allies from Austria to Prussia, and Russia allied with France and Austria | |
597011163 | Seven Years' War | war between France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia over Silisia, American land, and India | |
597011164 | Peace of Hubertusburg | ended the Seven Years' War and recognized Prussian control of Silesia | |
597011165 | Great War for Empire | a part of the Seven Years' War that was fought in India and North America between the British and the French | |
597011166 | Treaty of Paris (1763) | India, lands east of the Mississippi in North America, and Canada were given to the British | |
597011167 | French and Indian War | name of the Seven Years' War fought in North America over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence River and the Ohio River Valley between France and Britain | |
597011168 | Tull | used a hoe to help palnts grow better as well as a drill to plant seeds in rows | |
597011169 | Bank of England | recieved deposits and echanged forigen currency like other banks, but also made loans | |
597011170 | "putting-out" system | merchant-capitalist entrepreneurs bought the raw materials and gave them rural workers who spun the raw material into yarn, wove it into cloth, then the entrepreneurs would seel the finished product | |
597011171 | "cottage industry" | spinners and weavers who did their work in their own rural cottages | |
597011172 | Arkwright | invented the water frame which was powered by a horse or water and turned out yarn much faster than spinning wheels | |
597011173 | asiento | the privilege given to Britain to transport slaves into Spanish Latin America | |
597011174 | "sugar factories | sugar plantations in the Caribbean | |
597011175 | triangluar trade | British manufactured goods were carried to Africa and exchanged for slaves which were shipped to North America and traded for tobacco which would go back to Britain | |
597011176 | Palladio | Venetian architect who specialized in the design of country villas | |
597011177 | Grand tour | sons of aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of Europe's major cities |