Terms : Hide Images
| Abandonment of Maya Cities, 8th century Cultural/Social Shift | ||
| Northern Agrc. people who entered Maya lands Military flair to life Culture=Blended with Mayan Conquered Chichen Itza, | ||
| Also Quezocoatl Sent to exile after Religious reform battle | ||
| Toltec capital in Central Mexico | ||
| Obsidian and Turquoise trade Turqoiuse trade= Ananzi Adobe village | ||
| South U.S. native american culture, possib. fusion with Toltecs | ||
| Hopwell+Toltec culture Sedentary agrc. (Corn/beans) Monks Mound= Largest burial mound | ||
| Sacked by Nomadic Invaders Culture shift to Lake Texcoco area | ||
| Cultural center after fall of Tula Families fought for control of Lake | ||
| Either exiles or Nomads, rewrote history to suit self Group of 10,000 Mexicans who settled by the lake, only to be booted by stronger people. Feared warriors, conquered during squabbles Snake/Cactus myth, conquered 3T cities (Tenochitlan,Texcoco, Tlateco) 1434=indie | ||
| Aztec city on lake Texcoco, Tlatelco, island city incorporated later | ||
| Nobles gained power from tribute lands Divine King Stratified society People expected to do army worl, fork over land for tribute | ||
| Tlactel- Led Aztec reforms Human Sacrifice= Military Cult Leave lands unconquered to capture sacrifices | ||
| Animist flair, 128 gods, Nature=Gods world Gods represented jobs (Patrons) and have a female duality | ||
| First ring of gods deemed by Agricultural cycle= 1 Creator gods= 2 State sacrifice cult under Aztecs= 3 Tlaloc= God of Rain | ||
| Sun God Required human sacrifices to get strength | ||
| Old art was military---> Aztec took it a step further (Sacrifice) Religion V. Ruler Terror Religion= Single, unifying bond Hymns and poems Cyclic history Calendar based on religion | ||
| City-state with ruler/spokesman Zone 1= Palaces/Temples Zone 2= Adobe residence, market, small palace Pop. of 150,000, 5 miles On an island, so crossed by transport canals | ||
| Kin groups who operated and maintained civic buildings and temples | ||
| Floating weed beds that grave four harvest of corn a year, where most of land/food came from | ||
| Caln divided land, and peasants grew land Nobles may have private estate with foreign slaves State controled markets, with periodic trading of certian goods. Most trade=barter, but cacao money used | ||
| Aztec merchants focused on long distance trade (tropical birds/chocolate) | ||
| Non-natives paid tribute, and tribute was sent to gov, which redistributed among people. Nobility rewarded greatly | ||
| Originally only 7, but now were units of nobles/neighbors/allies.dependents NOt all capuli equal, b/c of ruling family Distributed land, organized labor, military units | ||
| Started as peoples who served state, but grew Most peole born into nobles, but could enter in Nobles controlled preisthood/military leadrship | ||
| Cult of sacrifice/reason for nobility status Flowery death= dying as a self sacrifice= ultimate eternal reward Warrior classes | ||
| reason for growing scoial gulf between noble/peasants Nobles distinguished themselves from others NO more egalitarian principles | ||
| Almost slaves, but arose as Nobility workers as they gained land | ||
| Middle class of people Merchants carved out their own little class with privileges | ||
| Were citizens of how they participated in larger social groups Peasant= Field, but kids/kitchen responsib. Had rights to property Polygamy nobles, monogamous peasants | ||
| Little tech meant that women spent a lot of time in fields | ||
| Ruler over all of Tenochitlan "Elected," chosen from top family/related nobles | ||
| Religious leader, held great power Tlactel= brought military clan to state religion | ||
| Local rulers stayed in place City states had tributes Interior and fringe kingdoms 50% kept indie | ||
| Precursor states that broke to form Incan empire After downfall, served as centers of agrc. and pop. density Cheifdoms and states fought for control | ||
| kingdom that conquerd incas, and established Incan empire | ||
| Language of Incan empire Means of integrating empire | ||
| Clan leader, (allyus), who conquered Cuzco and spread empire to Chile, colombia, argentina, Bolivia | ||
| Inca empire | ||
| Inca custom where power went to successor of king, but goods went to male descendants | ||
| Political/Econ gain Each ruler needed to secure new land to keep his power | ||
| Sun= top god Temple of Sun= center of religion Tolerance for local gods | ||
| Holy shrines | ||
| State bureaucracy, with empire divided into 4 provinces ruled by a governor. God king ORganization based on 10,100,1000 | ||
| Exempt from tributes, had slave labor Roads, bridges, inns, entrpots built | ||
| Colonists sent to colonize a new area | ||
| State control of econ for new goods and public works projects. Allyus (clan leader) controled land | ||
| No forced tribute, but communities expected to work in public projects | ||
| Both men and women worked fields Produced cloth, became concubines, servants Roles were gender specific, and interdependent with men, Double property lines Men still greater than women, but not too bad | ||
| Ethinc heads left in place, but reciprocal duties between village and state emerged | ||
| allus removed from nobility to work as peasants, | ||
| Distinguished by clothing, had great privileges Drawn from 10 allyus produced no merchant class outside of Ecuador | ||
| Marriages create squabbles for throne, civil war erupts. Spainards conquer ALL. | ||
| Cloth, pottery, advanced metalworking, metal tools No written language roads, stonecutting, terrace agrc. | ||
| demos. quest for numerical order strings used for numbers, recordkeeping | ||
| Based on old cultures Military and imperial organization Nobility were personel of state State controlled econ regional power respected as long as King soverignity upheld No nomadic takeovers by empire, overtook sedentary people only. | ||
| Climate/Geography Science, philospohy, beiliefs | ||
| Largest on the AMericas (72 Mill-171 Mill) | ||
| Cheiftanships based on sedentary agrc. | ||
| Most groups were hunters and gatherers Older groups had moved on over 200 different languagers spoken Kin based People viewed as part of an ecological system Women were subordinate |
